The layout peculiarities of the residential and production areas in the site of ancient settlement of Ushbastobe (Southern Kazakhstan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 285-291
Author(s):  
B. Raev ◽  
◽  
A. Podushkin ◽  
A. Donets ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residential Area ◽  
Smelting Furnace ◽  
River Terrace ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Iron Smelting ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Important Center ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Natural Slopes

This article deals with the planning structure of the site of ancient settlement of Ushbastobe in southern Kazakhstan, dated to the 2nd–5th centuries AD. The settlement is located on the tall cape of the Ugam river bank and con- sists of a citadel and a residential area (rabad). Natural slopes of the river terrace and a steep ravine made the settlement impregnable from the two sides; the other two were bounded by moats. In addition to the residential part, a production area has been revealed between the two southeastern moats where an iron-smelting furnace has been studied. The results of this study allow the authors to maintain that the fortified settlement not only controlled a passage to the fertile river valley but was also an important center for the primary smelting of bloom iron in the region.

Impact of Fertigation versus Controlled-release Fertilizer Formulations on Nitrate Concentrations in Nursery Drainage Water

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Chris Wilson ◽  
Joseph P. Albano
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Fertilization Program ◽  
Median Concentration ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Foliage Plant ◽  
Production Areas

Nitrate-nitrogen (N) losses in surface drainage and runoff water from ornamental plant production areas can be considerable. In N-limited watersheds, discharge of N from production areas can have negative impacts on nontarget aquatic systems. This study monitored nitrate-N concentrations in production area drainage water originating from a foliage plant production area. Concentrations in drainage water were monitored during the transition from 100% reliance on fertigation using urea and nitrate-based soluble formulations (SF) to a nitrate-based controlled-release formulation (CRF). During the SF use period, nitrate-N concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 322.0 mg·L−1 with a median concentration of 31.2 mg·L−1. Conversely, nitrate-N concentrations during the controlled-release fertilization program ranged from 0 to 147.9 mg·L−1 with a median concentration of 0.9 mg·L−1. This project demonstrates that nitrate-N concentrations in drainage water during the CRF program were reduced by 94% to 97% at the 10th through 95th percentiles relative to the SF fertilization program. Nitrate-N concentrations in drainage water from foliage plant production areas can be reduced by using CRF fertilizer formulations relative to SF formulations/fertigation. Similar results should be expected for other similar containerized crops. Managers located within N-limited watersheds facing N water quality regulations should consider the use of CRF fertilizer formulations as a potential tool (in addition to appropriate application rates and irrigation management) for reducing production impacts on water quality.

Cast iron-smelting furnace materials in imperial China: Macro-observation and microscopic study

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Haifeng Liu ◽  
Wei Qian ◽  
Jianli Chen ◽  
Hongli Chen ◽  
Matthew L. Chastain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Smelting Furnace ◽  
Iron Smelting ◽  
Imperial China

scholarly journals THE UPGRADED ROLE OF THE VALUE STREAM DESIGN FOR REDESIGNING THE FACTORY LAYOUT

2020 ◽  
Vol Vol. 36 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
István Vajna ◽  
Anita Tangl
Keyword(s):  
Material Flow ◽  
Layout Design ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Value Stream ◽  
Work In Process ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Milk Run ◽  
Factory Layout

The case study shows the re-optimization of an initial new factory layout design with Value Stream Design (VSD). The VSD is a quantitative method and its’ final goal is to make a waste free optimized material flow. The primary goal of arrangement is to reduce transportation distances and frequencies, optimize human load. Initially the whole factory shop floor layout design was already made in push concept. The plans were made by production management, logistics, engineering department at the headquarter of the multinational automotive company with based on VDI2870 holistic concept linking strategy on tactics and operation. On the layout (v1.) the hundreds of machines were placed and arranged by CAD (Computer Design) engineers to fit the space. The factory building has 15,000 m2 with empty shop floor waiting for the final decisions for equipment. The factory production area was shared into six main production areas (P1-P6), which correlates with their product complexity of the product families. Each production area output can be finished product (FP) or semi-finished product (SFP) for the next production areas. To validate the whole factory layout it was necessary to involve lean experts that identified disadvantages and constraints. Without lean implementation the company’s transportation waste would be 49% more per year. The Value Stream Design importance nowadays is upgrading to a higher level, when the whole global business is changed, the labor force fluctuates, and the cost and delivery time reduction plays a vital role in the company’s profit and future. The research shows that if the decision taking is based on real data and facts the controlling and management can do its best in time. Using VSD and re-evaluating the transportation routes, frequency and costs is the first step to define a smooth, low cost, material flow (v2.). This development ensured the company to drive from push to pull production through mixed production system. Originally, the production flow was clockwise orientation. It was changed step by step to mixed production by eliminating work in process storages, implementing FIFO lanes, Milk Run, and Kanban. The total annual transportation distances were reduced from 4,905,000 m between the rump-up and serial production period. The warehouse storage size was reduced to 50% and implementation cost from €75,000 to €32,500. By eliminating work in process storages along production lines it was possible to open a new two way transportation road that also will serve the AGV’s operations in industry 4.0 projects. Due to decreased lead time the logistic labor productivity increased by 45%. Besides taking measurements for the VSD it was used Value Stream Mapping as a lean tool and an own designed VSD evaluation and a simulation software. The VSD team’s cooperative actions reduced the evaluation and validation time with 65% then it was initially planned. The implementations were evaluated from the rump-up phase to the first serial productions and the results were confirmed by controlling and management

Roman Britain in 1938

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-230
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Furnace Chamber ◽  
Smelting Furnace ◽  
Roman Britain ◽  
Iron Smelting ◽  
System 2

Mr. V. E. Nash-Williams reports discoveries on three sites. (1) At Llantwit Major, Glamorganshire, where a house was partially excavated in 1888, trial cuttings showed that the structural remains covered an area of about 2 acres, enclosing roughly a square of about 300 ft., on the N, S, and W sides of which were the main buildings with detached outbuildings on the E side. In its final stage the plan was of winged-corridor type with main range on the W and others to the N and S, the latter possibly additional; it was fronted by an internal colonnade of imported freestone and faced on to a cobbled courtyard. A subsidiary range had been tacked on at right angles to the N wing. The walls of local limestone and sandstone remained up to 6 ft. and were decorated with coloured plaster; the floors were mostly of opus signinum. A hypocaust or furnace-chamber in the western or main range, after long use, had been filled in with refuse and a small iron-smelting furnace had been built over it. Two rooms in the N wing, opened in 1888, were cleared ; much of the geometric pavement survived. Three or four more skeletons were found ; they had been buried in rough cists sunk into the pavement or cut through the walls, and therefore at a period when the house was no longer in use. A massively constructed outbuilding, measuring 80 by 26 ft., stood just within the remains of a ditch system. (2) At Caerleon a trench was cut on the SW side of White Hart Lane in the praetentura of Isca abutting on the SE defences. It revealed the primary clay rampart, 15 ft. wide and 6 ft. high, with the inner face of the latest stone rampart outside it ; inside the rampart, and between it and the rampart roadway, a stone building had been inserted (cf. JRS xix, 182). The roadway was 20 ft. wide and heavily metalled and was bordered by the stone culvert of the main drainage-system. On the inner side of the roadway the walls and floor of a stone building, probably a barrack-block, were found.

SOIL APPLICATION OF CARBOFURAN TO CONTROL SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN A MANAGED WHITE SPRUCE SEED PRODUCTION AREA

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 949-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Fogal ◽  
D. A. Winston ◽  
S. M. Lopushanski ◽  
D. A. MacLeod ◽  
A. J. Willcocks
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Supply ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Production Areas

White spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, is a major commercial tree species used in reforestation programs throughout Canada, and seed requirements cannot be met in some years because of insect damage and the periodic nature of cone crops. The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), feeds on buds and cones of its hosts, causing a pronounced decrease in cone production (Schooley 1978). A current outbreak in northeastern Ontario poses a serious threat to white spruce seed supply from high value, managed seed production areas. Therefore, in 1979, we began an experiment to determine whether carbofuran, a systemic insecticide, could be used to protect buds and cones when applied to soil. We chose carbofuran because it has proved successful for control of some insects in seed orchards in the southeastern United States (DeBarr 1978)

scholarly journals Türkiye’de Kuru Fasulye Üretiminin Mevcut Durumu ve Gelecek Dönemler Üretiminin Tahmin Edilmesi

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Aydoğan ◽  
Kürşat Demiryürek ◽  
Nur İlkay Abacı
Keyword(s):  
Dry Bean ◽  
Statistical Institute ◽  
Domestic Prices ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Production Quantity ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Double Exponential Smoothing ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Exponential Smoothing Method

This study was conducted to reveal of future estimation of the dry bean production area, production quantity, export quantity, import quantity and supply-demand balance in Turkey. The data used in the study were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TIS), FAO and the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock records. The Double exponential smoothing method was used to estimate the future data. The data was used in the analysis includes dry bean production areas (ha), quantity of production, export, import and domestic use between 1994 and 2014. In the next five years (2015-2019), it was forecasted that there would be a decrease in the amount of the dry bean production areas, production quantity and export quantity whereas there would be an increase in the amount of the dry bean import quantity and domestic use. At the same time, it was expected that the amount of dry bean domestic supply would be higher than dry bean domestic demand. The reason for this surplus is high import quantity. In other words, it was foreseen that Turkey’s external dependence in dry bean will increase. In order to ensure continuity of production, it should be increase the income of dry bean producers, decrease the dry bean production cost and encourage the production. The policies to prevent domestic prices fall should be developed.

The impact of the upwind angle for a wind-driven iron smelting furnace in Sri Lanka

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. E. K. Ekanayake ◽  
J. A. Weliwita ◽  
S. Witharana ◽  
J. K. A. T. Rajika ◽  
M. Narayana
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Smelting Furnace ◽  
Iron Smelting ◽  
The Impact

Evaluation of Chinese Vinegar by Electronic Nose

2014 ◽  
Vol 490-491 ◽  
pp. 1497-1502
Author(s):  
Ming Quan Huang ◽  
Jing Lin Zhang ◽  
Ji Hong Wu ◽  
Bao Guo Sun ◽  
Yu Yu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Chinese Vinegar ◽  
Sulfur Containing Compounds

Twelve vinegars from different production areas in China were evaluated by the Portable Electronic Nose 3 (PEN3), and the data detected by PEN3 were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and loadings analysis (LA). The results of PCA and LDA all showed that the electronic nose could clearly discriminate the vinegars of difference production areas, but had very little discrimination on same production area vinegars. The results of LD showed that these sensors, including W1S, W2S, W5S, W2W, W1W, W5C, were appropriate to evaluate and compare the aroma of vinegars, especially W1S, W2S, W5S. Loadings analysis also indicated that these compounds in twelve vinegars had great differences, such as acids, esters, alcohols, alkanes, while aromatics compounds, sulfur-containing compounds and alkenes had some distinctions.

VISUALIZING TAYZA, CAPITAL OF THE PETÉN ITZAS: TEASING MEANINGS FROM POSTCLASSIC POTTERY STYLES

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prudence M. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Visual Rhetoric ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Contact Period ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Design Structure ◽  
Important Center

A decade of public-works excavations on Flores Island—once Tayza, capital of the powerful Itza Maya confederacy in Postclassic- and contact-period Petén, Guatemala—has recovered large quantities of artifacts but without proper provenience controls. This important center is poorly understood in archaeological terms because of the dense modern construction that precludes systematic investigation. Thus, these excavated materials become critical despite their limitations for insights into the Itza settlement. Convenience samples of the slipped and decorated pottery from the salvage (and other) excavations were analyzed to interpret style and meaning through the combined perspectives of design structure analysis, information exchange, visual rhetoric, literary studies, and semiotechnology. Features examined include forms, types, colors, layouts, and motifs. The spatial distributions of these features over the island were assessed in terms of a quadripartite organization mentioned in Spanish accounts. It is proposed that the southeastern quadrant was the residential area of Itza royal elites, due to the presence of elaborate and innovative polychromes conveying messages of elite power. Pottery in the northern quadrants has more traditional decoration resembling that at mainland sites in the Lake Petén basin, and signals ordinary Itza identity. These differences, and the overall theoretical approach, might be testable on larger, better-excavated samples.

Archaeological Copper Smelting at Itziparátzico, Michoacan, Mexico

2004 ◽  
Vol 838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca E. Maldonado ◽  
Thilo Rehren ◽  
Paul R. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
West Mexico ◽  
Smelting Slag ◽  
Important Center ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Organization Of Production ◽  
Compositional Properties

ABSTRACTMesoamerican copper metallurgy emerged in West Mexico sometime between A.D. 600 and 800. Over a period of approximately 900 years a wide variety of artifacts, typically decorations and other valuable non-utilitarian goods, were produced. By A.D. 1450, the Tarascan kingdom in the state of Michoacan had become the most important center of pre-Hispanic metalworking. Metallurgy played a significant role in the structure of political and economic power in the Tarascan Empire. Metal adornments used as insignia of social status and public ritual became even more associated with political power. While metal was used for an array of goods, virtually nothing is known about the manufacture and the organization of production of this material. Archaeological research at the site of Itziparátzico, near the modern Tarascan community of Santa Clara del Cobre, has recently located potential production areas where concentrations of smelting slag were recorded.The smelting of ores is almost invariably related to the formation of slags, which form from the various impurities introduced into the smelting process, such as gangue minerals, furnace wall material, and fuel ash. Slag analysis thus has the potential for revealing important information about metallurgical technology. Copper smelting slag recovered from the excavations at Itziparátzico has been analyzed for microstructure and compositional properties using light microscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Preliminary results indicate a smelting technology that used sulfidic ores and highly efficient furnaces. While further archaeological investigations are required to precisely date these activities, this technological information is important for establishing the context and scale of production of copper at the site.

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