Systematic early obstetrical assistance at calving: I. Effects on dairy calf stillbirth, vigor, and passive immunity transfer

Abstract There is a stigma in the dairy industry that Brown Swiss calves are not as quick to stand and nurse following birth compared to other dairy breeds. The objective of this study is to determine if Brown Swiss calves are less vigorous at birth, and does this impact their health status and early calf growth compared with the dairy industry’s most prominent breed, the Holstein. All calves (n = 25) were scored shortly after birth using a modified Apgar scoring system used for infants. Thirteen parameters divided into 5 categories were evaluated to determine overall vigor of each calf, these included visual scores for meconium staining and swelling of the head; initial mobility scores for time to lift head, time to stand, and ear position; general responsiveness scores included strength of the suckling reflex, head shake in response to straw in nasal cavity, tongue withdrawal when pinched, and eye reflex; oxygenation score for mucus membrane color; rates scores included heart rate, respiration rate, and temperature. In addition to the vigor scoring a weight was taken at birth and 2 weeks post calving. Jugular blood samples were collected at birth, 24 hours later, and at 2 weeks of age and serum was stored for later analysis of haptoglobin and IgG concentration. Vigor scores and weight data were analyzed by breed using the mixed procedure in SAS. The vigor score for suckling reflex was lower (P = 0.04) for Brown Swiss calves (1.69, n = 12) than Holstein calves (2.39, n = 13). A weakened suckling reflex can lead to more challenges when consuming colostrum. Early colostrum intake is vital to obtaining passive immunity and maintaining health status in young calves. All other vigor scores collected for the Brown Swiss and Holstein calves did not differ (P > 0.05).

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38 Effect of Breed on Dairy Calf Vigor from Birth to Preweaning

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz397.142 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 62-62

Author(s):

Michelle P Meza ◽

Caitlin M Turner ◽

Chad M Powers ◽

Andrea K Sexten

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

Dairy Calf ◽

Calf Growth ◽

Brown Swiss ◽

Mucus Membrane ◽

Holstein Calves ◽

Head Shake ◽

Meconium Staining ◽

Weight Data

Abstract There is a stigma in the dairy industry that Brown Swiss calves are not as quick to stand and nurse following birth compared to other dairy breeds. The objective of this study is to determine if Brown Swiss calves are less vigorous at birth and if this affects their health status and early calf growth compared with the dairy industry’s most prominent breed, the Holstein. All calves (n = 25) were scored shortly after birth using a modified Apgar scoring system used for infants. Thirteen parameters divided into 5 categories were evaluated to determine overall vigor of each calf. These included visual scores for meconium staining and swelling of the head; initial mobility scores for time to lift head, time to stand, and ear position; general responsiveness scores included strength of the suckling reflex, head shake in response to straw in nasal cavity, tongue withdrawal when pinched, and eye reflex; oxygenation score for mucus membrane color; rates scores included heart rate, respiration rate, and temperature. In addition to the vigor scoring, a weight was taken at birth and 2 weeks post calving. Jugular blood samples were collected at birth, 24 hours later, and at 2 weeks of age, and serum was stored for later analysis of haptoglobin and IgG concentration. Vigor scores and weight data were analyzed by breed using the mixed procedure in SAS. The vigor score for suckling reflex was lower (P = 0.04) for Brown Swiss calves (1.69, n = 12) than Holstein calves (2.39, n = 13). A weakened suckling reflex can lead to more challenges when consuming colostrum. Early colostrum intake is vital to obtaining passive immunity and maintaining health status in young calves. All other vigor scores collected for the Brown Swiss and Holstein calves did not differ (P > 0.05).

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Ultrastructural evidence of transplacental transport of immunoglobulin G in bitches

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/reprod/118.2.315 ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 315-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

MH Stoffel ◽

AE Friess ◽

SH Hartmann

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Basement Membrane ◽

Immunoglobulin G ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

Morphological Evidence ◽

Membrane Material ◽

Ultrastructural Evidence ◽

Cytotrophoblast Cells ◽

Fetal Vessels

In dogs, passive immunity is conferred to fetuses and neonates by the transfer of maternal immunoglobulin G through the placenta during the last trimester of pregnancy and via the mammary gland after parturition, respectively. However, morphological evidence of transplacental transport is still lacking. The aim of the present study was to localize maternal immunoglobulin G in the labyrinthine zone and in the haemophagous zone of the canine placenta by means of immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. In the labyrinthine zone, immunoglobulin G was detected in all the layers of the materno-fetal barrier including the fetal capillaries. Immunoreactivity was particularly prominent in maternal basement membrane material as well as in the syncytiotrophoblast. However, this evidence of transplacental transport of immunoglobulin G originated from a limited number of unevenly distributed maternal vessels only. In the cytotrophoblast of the haemophagous zone, immunoglobulin G was localized to phagolysosomes at various stages but was never detected within fetal vessels. The results indicate that maternal immunoglobulin G is degraded in cytotrophoblast cells of the hemophagous zone and, therefore, that transplacental transport is restricted to a subpopulation of maternal vessels in the labyrinthine zone.

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The novel use of convalescent plasma in patients with COVID 19 in Basra governorate, Case series review

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine ◽

10.37319/iqnjm.2.csi.1 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Saad Hammadi ◽

Ali Hashim ◽

Abbas Ali ◽

Rafid Abbood ◽

Hassanein Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Exchange ◽

Case Series ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

The Novel ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Off Label Use ◽

Plasma Therapy ◽

Off Label ◽

Plasma Donation ◽

Patient Series

Background: The idea of convalescent plasma usage is to give passive immunity to the patients, so their immune system stands a good chance of combating the virus.this study will review 6 cases of eligible covid 19 patients that had been treated with convalescent plasma therapy in Basra covid 19 quarantine Objectives: to demonstrate efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma in the patient series that had been enrolled . Method: this study had pioneered a new method to collect up to 3,000 mL in one session by an off-label use of Spectra Optia Apheresis systems by TerumoBCT /Exchange set to collect convalescent plasma. In this study 250 mL convalescent plasma had been given each of the 6 patients, from one donor. respose in spo2,dyspnoea and tachypnoea was observed ,any reaction to plasma also had been monitored . Result: Our case series have demonstrated both safety and effectiveness of convalescent plasma. This study was successful in reaching our primary and secondary outcomes in all 6 patients (improvement in SpO2 and symptoms). With negligible difference in time of post transfusion response Conclusion: convalescent plasma is apperantly safe and effective, In this study 250 mL convalescent plasma had been given each of the 6 patients, from one donor using Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) protocol by Spectra Optia Apheresis system/TerumoBCT. Keywords: convalescent plasma, COVID-19, SARS CoV-2, apheresis, plasma exchange, plasma donation

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Isoquinoline Alkaloids in Sows’ Diet Reduces Body Weight Loss during Lactation and Increases IgG in Colostrum

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11082195 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 2195

Author(s):

Ester Arévalo Sureda ◽

Xuemei Zhao ◽

Valeria Artuso-Ponte ◽

Sophie-Charlotte Wall ◽

Bing Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Muscle Thickness ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

Isoquinoline Alkaloids ◽

Back Muscle ◽

Fat Thickness ◽

And Performance

Isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) exert beneficial antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in livestock. Therefore, we hypothesized that supplementing sows’ diets with IQ during gestation would decrease farrowing stress, affecting the piglets’ development and performance. Sows were divided into: IQ1, supplemented with IQ from gestation day 80 (G80) to weaning; IQ2, supplemented from gestation day 110 (G110) to weaning, and a non-supplemented (NC) group. Sow body weight (BW), feed intake, back-fat thickness and back-muscle thickness were monitored. Cortisol, glucose and insulin were measured in sows’ blood collected 5 d before, during, and after 7 d farrowing. Protein, fat, IgA and IgG were analyzed in the colostrum and milk. Piglets were monitored for weight and diarrhea score, and for ileum histology and gene expression 5 d post-weaning. IQ-supplemented sows lost less BW during lactation. Glucose and insulin levels were lower in the IQ groups compared to NC-sows 5 d before farrowing and had higher levels of protein and IgG in their colostrum. No other differences were observed in sows, nor in the measured parameters in piglets. In conclusion, IQ supplementation affected sows’ metabolism, reducing body weight loss during lactation. Providing IQ to sows from their entrance into the maternity barn might be sufficient to induce these effects. IQ improved colostrum quality, increasing the protein and IgG content, improving passive immunity for piglets.

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Do newborn infants have passive immunity to pertussis?

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal ◽

10.1097/00006454-198906000-00004 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 352-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

JAMES W. BASS ◽

LISA L. ZACHER

Keyword(s):

Newborn Infants ◽

Passive Immunity

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Influence of Environment on Passive Immunity in Calves

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(76)84360-3 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 59 (7) ◽

pp. 1306-1311 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

G.H. Stott ◽

F. Wiersma ◽

B.E. Menefee ◽

F.R. Radwanski

Keyword(s):

Passive Immunity

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Temperature preferences and feed level of the newborn dairy calf

Applied Animal Behaviour Science ◽

10.1016/j.applanim.2009.04.010 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 120 (1-2) ◽

pp. 56-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Fernando T. Borderas ◽

Anne Marie B. de Passillé ◽

Jeff Rushen

Keyword(s):

Dairy Calf ◽

Temperature Preferences

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The passage of antibodies from the maternal circulation into the embryo in rabbits

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1948.0018 ◽

1948 ◽

Vol 135 (880) ◽

pp. 390-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Keyword(s):

High Titre ◽

Immune Serum ◽

Maternal Serum ◽

Yolk Sac ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

Maternal Circulation ◽

Active Immunity ◽

Foreign Proteins ◽

Positive Results ◽

Rabbit Embryos

Active immunity to Brucella abortus was induced in adult female rabbits. They were mated a week after the last injection of antigen and were killed and the yolk-sac contents of the embryos tested for agglutinins 8½ days after copulation. Specific agglutinins were found to be present in the yolk-sac contents in all cases. The titre varied significantly from embryo to embryo in the same litter, and was in some as high as that in the maternal serum at the time of killing. Passive immunity to Br. abortus was imparted to female rabbits 7 to 9 days pregnant by intravenous injection of immune serum of high titre. The rabbits were killed and the yolk-sac fluid of the embryos tested for agglutinins 10 to 17 hr. after injection. Specific agglutinins were present in most of the embryos from five of the six rabbits injected before 8 days post-coitum. All the embryos in the sixth rabbit were regressing. Specific agglutinins were not found in any of the embryos from two rabbits injected after 9 days post-coitum, by which time the yolk-sac fluid has ceased to increase in volume. Positive results were obtained both when rabbit and bovine immune sera were used. Active immunity to Br. abortus was induced in pregnant rabbits by injections beginning after the 15th day post-coitum. The serum of the newborn young, removed from their immune mothers before they had suckled, was tested and specific agglutinins were found to be present with a titre corresponding to that of the maternal serum. It was concluded that agglutinins, whether actively or passively acquired, pass freely from the maternal circulation into the yolk-sacs of 7- and 8-day rabbit embryos. This constitutes a delicate test of the passage of protein without alteration through the yolk-sac wall. The yolk-sac wall does not appear to be selective, since it is at least as permeable to foreign proteins as it is to those of maternal origin. Agglutinins pass from the maternal circulation into the embryo after the disappearance of the bilaminar wall of the yolk-sac also, either by way of the yolk-sac splanchnopleur or the allantochorionic placenta or both. The bearing of these results on current theories of placental permeability are discussed.

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