scholarly journals Kwestia bogactwa i ubóstwa w Kościele imperialnym na zachodzie w IV i V wieku. Próba syntezy zagadnienia

Vox Patrum ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 495-515
Author(s):  
Dariusz Kasprzak
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
Realistic Approach ◽  
Economic View ◽  
Pessimistic Attitude ◽  
The Church

I considered the different views regarding the issues of possession, wealth and poverty in the fourth and fifth century. I focused on the concepts of the fifth-century theologian (St. Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan, St. Augustine the Bishop of Hippo), pioneers of the western monastic theology and also the earliest monastic theologians and the heterodox pelagianist writers. They regarded soteriological perspective of Christianity. In that early period the socio-economic view did not constitute a doctrine. We can distinguish two essential approaches to the issue of possession in the teaching of the Church Fathers in the fourth and fifth century: a realistic and a pessimistic attitude. (The optimistic version regarded the possession of wealth as the result of Divine Protection and as a reward for pious Christian life. Both those models presumed that all the earthly goods were created by God and that people are only the temporary stewards of the goods given them for use. The realistic approach emphasized that everything which God has made was good and there was nothing wrong with owning possessions but it denounced the unjust means by which it is sometimes achieved or used. The pessimistic approach of Anchorites (monas­ticism, orthodox and heterodox ascetics) accepted the possession of goods which were made with one’s own hands. Everything which was not necessary should be given as alms. Coenobitic monks didn’t have anything of their own because everything belonged to the monastery. Their superior decided how everything could be used. The heterodox followers of Pelagius condemned shared of private property at all, and shared the view that voluntarily poverty was the only possible way for Christian.

Christian Reception of the ‘New-Music’ Debate in the Church Fathers and Clement of Alexandria

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-378
Author(s):  
Andreas Kramarz
Keyword(s):  
Classical Music ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
New Music ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Evaluative Judgments ◽  
Clement Of Alexandria ◽  
The Church ◽  
Ultimate Principle

Abstract Evaluative judgments about musical innovations occur from the late fifth century BC in Greece and Rome and are reflected in similar discussions of Christian authors in the first centuries of the Empire. This article explores how pedagogical, theological, moral, and spiritual considerations motivate judgments on contemporary pagan musical culture and conclusions about the Christian attitude towards music. Biblical references to music inspire both allegorical interpretations and the defense of actual musical practice. The perhaps most intriguing Christian transformation of the ancient musical worldview is presented in Clement of Alexandria’s Protrepticus. Well-known classical music-myths serve here to introduce a superior ‘New Song’. Harmony, represented in the person of Christ who unites a human and a divine nature, becomes the ultimate principle of both cosmos and human nature. This conception allows music to become a prominent expression of the Christian faith and even inform the moral life of believers.

The Beginning of the Orthodox Church in Japan: The Long-Lasting Legacy of Saint Nicholai

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Orthodox Christianity ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
Church Father ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Church

Japanese Orthodox Christians faithfully preserve the legacy of St Nicholai as a great help in living the Orthodoxy Christian life today. Especially regarding evangelisation in Japan, St Nicholai's thoughts and missionary activities are studied and referred to just as the Church Fathers are referenced to find answers for theological questions. In this sense, he is considered to be a modern Church Father by Japanese Orthodox Christians. Although detailed study of his thoughts and activities is still in progress, research findings will benefit both clergy and the faithful in any church when they encounter modern day problems as Christians. The secret of his success is found in the fact that he always remembered to bring Orthodox Christianity within the context of everyday life and culture.

scholarly journals Personalitas Yesus dan Kritik terhadap Nestorius: Analisis Ibrani 4:12-14

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Leti Yulita Samai ◽  
Hendi Hendi
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Cyril Of Alexandria ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Church

Abstract: The doctrine of the personal personality of Jesus Christ is still controversial today. Jesus Christ is the central figure and has the highest authority in Christianity, Jesus Christ is trusted by Christians because He is the Savior of all mankind, the proof that He is the Savior is through the Incarnation of the divine nature taking Mary's human nature so that Jesus Christ has two natures in His person namely, divine and human, the nature of Jesus is distinguishable but inseparable. However, a Christian figure in the fifth century, Nestorius, gave the opinion that Jesus Christ had separate divine and human natures in two distinct persons. It was Nestorius's teaching that became a major debate and rejection by Church fathers such as Cyril of Alexandria and rejected Nestorius's teaching in the Church. The author uses the method of text analysis or exegesis from Hebrews 4:12-14 which includes syntactic and semantic analysis, the semantic content will be analyzed by interacting with other texts such as the Bible and the writings of the Church Fathers. :12-14 to make comparisons with the teachings of Nestorius. Based on the results of the research in Hebrews 4:12-14 and the opinion of the church fathers, it shows that Nestorius' teaching is heresy and should not be accepted in the Church. Jesus Christ is fully God and human because in Him there are two natures or natures, namely divine and human and these two natures cannot be separated in two different persons, if the person of Jesus can be separated then He cannot die, rise and save all mankind and it is useless to believe in Him.Abstrak: Doktrin tentang personalitas pribadi Yesus Kristus masih menjadi kontroversi sampai zaman sekarang. Yesus Kristus adalah tokoh sentral dan memiliki otoritas tertinggi dalam Kekristenan, Yesus Kristus dipercaya oleh umat Kristiani karena Dia adalah Juruselamat bagi seluruh manusia, bukti bahwa Ia adalah Juruselamat yaitu melalui Inkarnasi natur keilahian menggambil natur kemanusiaan Maria sehingga Yesus Kristus memiliki dua natur dalam pribadi-Nya yaitu ilahi dan manusiawi, natur Yesus dapat dibedakan tetapi tidak bisa dipisahkan. Namun tokoh Kekristenan pada abad ke-lima yaitu Nestorius memberikan pendapat bahwa Yesus Kristus memiliki natur ilahi dan manusiawi yang terpisah dalam dua pribadi yang berbeda. Pengajaran Nestorius inilah yang menjadi perdebatan besar dan penolakan yang dilakukan oleh para bapa Gereja seperti Cyril dari Alexandria dan menolak pengajaran Nestorius dalam Gereja. Penulis menggunakan Metode analisis teks atau eksegesis dari surat Ibrani 4:12-14 yang mencangkup analisis sintaksis dan semantis, isi semantis akan dianalisis dengan berinteraksi pada teks-teks lain seperti Alkitab dan tulisan para Bapa Gereja, Selanjutnya Penulis juga mengambil hasil teks eksegesis Ibrani 4:12-14 untuk menjadikan bahan perbandingan dengan ajaran Nestorius. Berdasarkan Hasil penelitian Ibrani 4:12-14 dan pendapat para bapa Gereja menunjukan bahwa pengajaran Nestorius adalah bidah dan tidak sepantasnya diterima dalam Gereja. Yesus Kristus sepenuhnya Allah dan manusia karena dalam diri-Nya terdapat kedua natur atau kodrat yaitu ilahi dan manusiawi dan kedua natur ini tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam dua pribadi yang berbeda, jika pribadi Yesus dapat dipisahkan maka Dia tidak dapat mati bangkit dan menyelamatkan seluruh umat manusia dan sia-sialah beriman kepada-Nya.

Petrarch's Defense of Secular Letters, the Latin Fathers, and Ancient Roman Rhetoric

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Brenda Deen Schildgen
Keyword(s):  
Classical Rhetoric ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Rhetorical Situations ◽  
Epistolary Form ◽  
The Church ◽  
Roman Rhetoric

Abstract: Like the Church Fathers before him, Petrarch was forced to defend secular learning against its detractors, and his defenses draw on many of the same arguments that Augustine and Jerome had used. In these defenses he blends classical rhetoric and Christian values, and his procedures also follow the traditions of classical rhetoric, relying on the epistolary form and utilizing the Ciceronian manner of debating all topics from opposite standpoints. Perhaps, however, because his indecisiveness complemented the classical rhetorical premise that many issues present many possible resolutions, Petrarch also rejects secular learning in some of his writings. His arguments are therefore conclusive only within their unique rhetorical situations.

Christus Virgo

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Sissel Undheim
Keyword(s):  
Moral Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
The One ◽  
The Church

The description of Christ as a virgin, 'Christus virgo', does occur at rare occasions in Early Christian and late antique texts. Considering that 'virgo' was a term that most commonly described the sexual and moral status of a member of the female sex, such representations of Christ as a virgin may exemplify some of the complex negotiations over gender, salvation, sanctity and Christology that we find in the writings of the Church fathers. The article provides some suggestions as to how we can understand the notion of the virgin Christ within the context of early Christian and late antique theological debates on the one hand, and in light of the growing interest in sacred virginity on the other.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn Apropos of Russia’s Future: Specific Outlook Features Depending on Different Historical Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 327-334
Author(s):  
Inga V. Zheltikova ◽  
Elena I. Khokhlova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pessimistic Attitude ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
Images Of The Future ◽  
The Church

The article considers the dependence of the images of future on the socio-cultural context of their formation. Comparison of the images of the future found in A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s works of various years reveals his generally pessimistic attitude to the future in the situation of social stability and moderate optimism in times of society destabilization. At the same time, the author's images of the future both in the seventies and the nineties of the last century demonstrate the mismatch of social expectations and reality that was generally typical for the images of the future. According to the authors of the present article, Solzhenitsyn’s ideas that the revival of spirituality could serve as the basis for the development of economy, that the influence of the Church on the process of socio-economic development would grow, and that the political situation strongly depends on the personal qualities of the leader, are unjustified. Nevertheless, such ideas are still present in many images of the future of Russia, including contemporary ones.

The Aggiornamento Phenomenon and the Second Vatican Council

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
Hiermonk Ioann ( Bulyko) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
John Xxiii ◽  
The People ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Pope John Xxiii ◽  
The Church

The Second Vatican Council was a unique event in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. Initiated by Pope John XXIII, it was intended to make the Roman Catholic Church more open to the contemporary society and bring it closer to the people. The principal aim of the council was the so called aggiornamento (updating). The phenomenon of updating the ecclesiastical life consisted in the following: on the one hand, modernization of the life of the Church and closer relations with the secular world; on the other hand, preserving all the traditions upon which the ecclesiastical life was founded. Hence in the Council’s documents we find another, French word ressourcement meaning ‘return to the origins’ based on the Holy Scripture and the works of the Church Fathers. The aggiornamento phenomenon emerged during the Second Vatican Council due to the movement within the Catholic Church called nouvelle theologie (French for “new theology”). Its representatives advanced the ideas that became fundamental in the Council’s decisions. The nouvelle theologie was often associated with modernism as some of the ideas of its representatives seemed to be very similar to those of modernism. However, what made the greatest difference between the two movements was their attitude towards the tradition. For the nouvelle theologie it was very important to revive Christianity in its initial version, hence their striving for returning to the sources, for the oecumenical movement, for better relations with non-Catholics and for liturgical renewal. All these ideas can be traced in the documents of the Second Vatican Council, and all this is characterized by the word aggiornamento.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Mason
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Communal Experience ◽  
In Christ ◽  
The Church ◽  
Francis Of Assisi

This chapter locates Rossetti in the context of the book’s ecotheological argument, which traces an ecological love command in her writing through her engagement with Tractarianism, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, the Church Fathers, and Francis of Assisi. It establishes her Anglo-Catholic imagining of the cosmos as a fabric of participation and communal experience embodied in Christ. The first section reads Rossetti in the context of current Victorian ecocriticism, which underplays the role of Christianity in the development of nineteenth-century environmentalism. The next sections question critical readings of Rossetti as a reclusive thinker and argue instead for an educated and politicized Christian for whom indifference to the spiritual is complicit with an environmental crisis in which the weak and vulnerable suffer most. This introduction also refers to the wider field of Rossetti studies and introduces her reading of grace and apocalypse as a major contribution to the intradiscipline of Christianity and ecology.

The Background II

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Greek Culture

Chapter 2 demonstrates the central importance of travel to Greek culture. By the fifth century, a network of festivals and sanctuaries, where Greeks of all description could gather, perform, and exchange goods and ideas, was already in existence. Moreover, from an early period travel was seen as an essential part of the work of the poet. This is because poets were professionals who wished to display their skills and abilities before as wide an audience as possible. In many cases, they may also have wished to exploit wider opportunities for enrichment and employment than those available in their home cities. As such, though Greek poets come from many cities, their poetry does not belong exclusively to any one region or locality.

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