scholarly journals Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Joshi-Tope
Keyword(s):  
Mature Transcript

Structure and expression of the chicken ferritin H-subunit gene

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1751-1758
Author(s):  
P W Stevens ◽  
J B Dodgson ◽  
J D Engel
Keyword(s):  
Chicken Genome ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Subunit Gene ◽  
Conserved Sequence ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Mature Transcript ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
Human Ferritin ◽  
Ferritin H

Although the genomes of many species contain multiple copies of ferritin heavy (H)- and light (L)-chain sequences, the chicken genome contains only a single copy of the H-subunit gene. The primary transcription unit of this gene is 4.6 kilobase pairs and contains four exons which are posttranscriptionally spliced to generate a mature transcript of 869 nucleotides. Chicken and human ferritin H-subunit genomic loci are organized with similar exon-intron boundaries. They exhibit approximately 85% nucleotide identity in coding regions, which yield proteins 93% identical in amino acid sequence. We have identified a sequence of 22 highly conserved nucleotides in the 5' untranslated sequences of chicken, human, and tadpole ferritin H-subunit genes and propose that this conserved sequence may regulate iron-modulated translation of ferritin H-subunit mRNAs.

scholarly journals NF-κB oscillations translate into functionally related patterns of gene expression

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Zambrano ◽  
Ilario De Toma ◽  
Arianna Piffer ◽  
Marco E Bianchi ◽  
Alessandra Agresti
Keyword(s):  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Oscillatory Dynamics ◽  
The Past ◽  
External Perturbations ◽  
Sustained Oscillations ◽  
Mature Transcript ◽  
Small Periodic ◽  
Damped Oscillator ◽  
Biological Advantage ◽  
Receptor Mrnas

Several transcription factors (TFs) oscillate, periodically relocating between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. NF-κB, which plays key roles in inflammation and cancer, displays oscillations whose biological advantage remains unclear. Recent work indicated that NF-κB displays sustained oscillations that can be entrained, that is, reach a persistent synchronized state through small periodic perturbations. We show here that for our GFP-p65 knock-in cells NF-κB behaves as a damped oscillator able to synchronize to a variety of periodic external perturbations with no memory. We imposed synchronous dynamics to prove that transcription of NF-κB-controlled genes also oscillates, but mature transcript levels follow three distinct patterns. Two sets of transcripts accumulate fast or slowly, respectively. Another set, comprising chemokine and chemokine receptor mRNAs, oscillates and resets at each new stimulus, with no memory of the past. We propose that TF oscillatory dynamics is a means of segmenting time to provide renewing opportunity windows for decision.

Comparison of the yeast and human nuclear exosome complexes

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 850-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Sloan ◽  
Claudia Schneider ◽  
Nicholas J. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Rna Processing ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Multiprotein Complex ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Rna Surveillance ◽  
Mature Transcript ◽  
Nuclear Exosome ◽  
And Function ◽  
Rna Maturation

Most RNAs in eukaryotic cells are produced as precursors that undergo processing at the 3′ and/or 5′ end to generate the mature transcript. In addition, many transcripts are degraded not only as part of normal recycling, but also when recognized as aberrant by the RNA surveillance machinery. The exosome, a conserved multiprotein complex containing two nucleases, is involved in both the 3′ processing and the turnover of many RNAs in the cell. A series of factors, including the TRAMP (Trf4–Air2–Mtr4 polyadenylation) complex, Mpp6 and Rrp47, help to define the targets to be processed and/or degraded and assist in exosome function. The majority of the data on the exosome and RNA maturation/decay have been derived from work performed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the present paper, we provide an overview of the exosome and its role in RNA processing/degradation and discuss important new insights into exosome composition and function in human cells.

scholarly journals Balbiani ring hnRNP substructure visualized by selective staining and electron spectroscopic imaging.

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
A L Olins ◽  
D E Olins ◽  
D P Bazett-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Balbiani Ring ◽  
Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Selective Staining ◽  
Elemental Imaging ◽  
Mature Transcript ◽  
Balbiani Rings ◽  
Relationship Of

The Balbiani Rings (BR) in the polytene chromosomes of Chironomus salivary glands are intense sites of transcription. The nascent RNPs fold during transcription into 40-50-nm granules, containing in the mature transcript approximately 37-kb RNA. Using a new nucleic acid specific stain, osmium ammine B on Lowicryl sections, in combination with electron energy filtered imaging of sections containing BR granules, we demonstrate a RNA-rich particulate substructure (10-nm particle diameter; 10-12 particles per BR granule). Elemental imaging supports that these particles are enriched in phosphorus. The possible relationship of these RNA-rich particles to ribonucleosomes is discussed, as well as models for their arrangement in the mature BR granules.

scholarly journals A Review on the Role of SPRY4-IT1 in the Carcinogenesis

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard ◽  
Tayyebeh Khoshbakht ◽  
Mohammad Taheri ◽  
Seyedpouzhia Shojaei
Keyword(s):  
Akt Signaling ◽  
Primary Transcript ◽  
Rtk Signaling ◽  
Functional Interactions ◽  
Mature Transcript ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis ◽  
Xenograft Models ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 4-intronic transcript 1 (SPRY4-IT1) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) encoded by a gene located on 5q31.3. This lncRNA has a possible role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Moreover, since SPRY4-IT1 controls levels of lipin 2, it is also involved in the biosynthesis of lipids. During the process of biogenesis, SPRY4-IT1 is produced as a primary transcript which is then cleaved to generate a mature transcript which is localized in the cytoplasm. SPRY4-IT1 has oncogenic roles in diverse tissues. A possible route of participation of SPRY4-IT1 in the carcinogenesis is through sequestering miRNAs such as miR-101-3p, miR‐6882‐3p and miR-22-3p. The sponging effect of SPRY4-IT1 on miR-101 has been verified in colorectal cancer, osteosarcoma, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. SPRY4-IT1 has functional interactions with HIF-1α, NF-κB/p65, AMPK, ZEB1, MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling. We explain the role of SPRY4-IT1 in the carcinogenesis according to evidence obtained from cell lines, xenograft models and clinical studies.

scholarly journals Potential of Transcript Editing Across Mitogenomes of Early Land Plants Shows Novel and Familiar Trends

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Myszczyński ◽  
Monika Ślipiko ◽  
Jakub Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Rna Editing ◽  
Plant Mitochondria ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Mature Transcript ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Complete Mitogenome ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Early Land

RNA editing alters the identity of nucleotides in an RNA sequence so that the mature transcript differs from the template defined in the genome. This process has been observed in chloroplasts and mitochondria of both seed and early land plants. However, the frequency of RNA editing in plant mitochondria ranges from zero to thousands of editing sites. To date, analyses of RNA editing in mitochondria of early land plants have been conducted on a small number of genes or mitochondrial genomes of a single species. This study provides an overview of the mitogenomic RNA editing potential of the main lineages of these two groups of early land plants by predicting the RNA editing sites of 33 mitochondrial genes of 37 species of liverworts and mosses. For the purpose of the research, we newly assembled seven mitochondrial genomes of liverworts. The total number of liverwort genera with known complete mitogenome sequences has doubled and, as a result, the available complete mitogenome sequences now span almost all orders of liverworts. The RNA editing site predictions revealed that C-to-U RNA editing in liverworts and mosses is group-specific. This is especially evident in the case of liverwort lineages. The average level of C-to-U RNA editing appears to be over three times higher in liverworts than in mosses, while the C-to-U editing frequency of the majority of genes seems to be consistent for each gene across bryophytes.

Transcripts from the Cellular Homologs of Retroviral Oncogenes: Distribution Among Chicken Tissues

1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-624
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Gonda ◽  
Diana K. Sheiness ◽  
J. Michael Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Hemopoietic Cells ◽  
Dot Blot Hybridization ◽  
Multiple Transcripts ◽  
Mature Transcript ◽  
Polyadenylated Rna

The oncogenes (v- onc genes) of rapidly transforming retroviruses have homologs (c- onc genes) in the genomes of normal cells. In this study, we characterized and quantitated transcription from four c- onc genes, c- myb , c- myc , c- erb , and c- src , in a variety of chicken cells and tissues. Electrophoretic analysis of polyadenylated RNA, followed by transfer to nitrocellulose and hybridization to cloned onc probes showed that c- myb , c- myc , and c- src each give rise to a single mature transcript, whereas c- erb gives rise to multiple transcripts (B. Vennstrom and J. M. Bishop, Cell, in press) which vary in abundance among different cells and tissues. Transcription from c- myb , c- myc , c- erb , and c- src was quantitated by a “dot-blot” hybridization assay. We found that c- myc , c- erb , and c- src transcription could be detected in nearly all cells and tissues examined, whereas c- myb transcription was detected only in some hemopoietic cells; these cells, however, belong to several different lineages. Thus, in no case was expression of a c- onc gene restricted to a single cell lineage. There appeared to be a correlation between levels of c- myb expression and hemopoietic activity of the tissues and cells examined, which suggests that c- myb may be expressed primarily in immature hemopoietic cells. An examination of c- onc RNA levels in target cells and tissues for viruses carrying the corresponding v- onc genes revealed no obvious correlation, direct or inverse, between susceptibility to transformation by a given v- onc gene and expression of the homologous c- onc gene.

scholarly journals Specific immunostaining for CCP II, a novel calcitonin carboxyl terminal peptide encoded by the calcitonin/CGRP gene.

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1605-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Giscard-Dartevelle ◽  
P Ghillani ◽  
J Taboulet ◽  
F Troalen ◽  
N Segond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
C Cells ◽  
Immunofluorescence Method ◽  
Primary Transcript ◽  
Protein Precursor ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Mature Transcript ◽  
Thyroid C Cells ◽  
Carboxyl Terminal ◽  
Tt Cells ◽  
I Gene

Alternative splicing of the primary transcript of the CALC I gene in thyroid C-cells results predominantly in calcitonin (CT) mRNA (exons 1-4), whereas CGRP mRNA (exons 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6) is mainly produced in neuronal cells. The CT mRNA encodes for a protein precursor containing an amino terminal peptide, CT, and a carboxyl terminal peptide (CCP I). CGRP precursor is composed of the same amino terminal peptide and CGRP. Recently we reported the presence of a third mature transcript of the CALC I gene in human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) tissues. This transcript encodes for a precursor containing the amino terminal peptide CT and a novel carboxyl terminal peptide, CCP II. This finding was further confirmed in the TT-cell line derived from a human MTC. We produced monoclonal antibodies against CCP II and developed a rapid and specific immunofluorescence method for this peptide. We demonstrated CCP II-specific immunoreactivity in TT-cells and in MTC tissues. CCP II labeling was relatively homogeneous in contrast to CT and CGRP, which presented striking heterogeneity for intensity of labeling. Therefore, CCP II mRNA is translated in tumor cells in an apparently constitutive way.

scholarly journals Cleavage specificity of chloroplast and nuclear tRNA 3'-processing nucleases.

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 865-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Oommen ◽  
X Q Li ◽  
P Gegenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Trna Genes ◽  
Wheat Embryo ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Yeast Trna ◽  
Cleavage Specificity ◽  
Mature Transcript ◽  
Enzyme Fraction ◽  
Chloroplast Trna Genes

tRNAs in eukaryotic nuclei and organelles are synthesized as precursors lacking the 3'-terminal CCA sequence and possessing 5' (leader) and 3' (trailer) extensions. Nucleolytic cleavage of the 3' trailer and addition of CCA are therefore required for formation of functional tRNA 3' termini. Many chloroplast tRNA genes encode a C at position 74 which is not removed during processing but which can be incorporated as the first base of the CCAOH terminus. Sequences downstream of nucleotide 74, however, are always removed. Synthetic yeast pre-tRNA(Phe) substrates containing the complete CCA74-76 sequence were processed with crude or partially purified chloroplast enzyme fractions. The 3'-extended substrates (tRNA-CCA-trailer) were cleaved exclusively between nucleotides 74 and 75 to give tRNA-COH, whereas a 3'-mature transcript (tRNA-CCAOH) was not cleaved at all. A 5'-, 3'-extended chloroplast tRNA-CAG-trailer was also processed entirely to tRNA-COH. Furthermore, a 5'-mature, 3'-extended yeast pre-tRNA(Phe) derivative, tRNA-ACA-trailer, in which C74 was replaced by A, was cleaved precisely after A74. In contrast, we found that a partially purified enzyme fraction (a nuclear/cytoplasmic activity) from wheat embryo cleaved the 3'-extended yeast tRNA(Phe) precursors between nucleotides 73 and 74 to give tRNA(OH). This specificity is consistent with that of all previously characterized nuclear enzyme preparations. We conclude that (i) chloroplast tRNA 3'-processing endonuclease cleaves after nucleotide 74 regardless of the nature of the surrounding sequences; (ii) this specificity differs from that of the plant nuclear/cytoplasmic processing nuclease, which cleaves after base 73; and (iii) since 3'-mature tRNA is not a substrate for either activity, these 3' nucleases must require substrates possessing a 3'-terminal extension that extends past nucleotide 76. This substrate specificity may prevent mature tRNA from counterproductive cleavage by the 3' processing system.

scholarly journals Structure and expression of the chicken ferritin H-subunit gene.

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1751-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
P W Stevens ◽  
J B Dodgson ◽  
J D Engel
Keyword(s):  
Chicken Genome ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Subunit Gene ◽  
Conserved Sequence ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Mature Transcript ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
Human Ferritin ◽  
Ferritin H

Although the genomes of many species contain multiple copies of ferritin heavy (H)- and light (L)-chain sequences, the chicken genome contains only a single copy of the H-subunit gene. The primary transcription unit of this gene is 4.6 kilobase pairs and contains four exons which are posttranscriptionally spliced to generate a mature transcript of 869 nucleotides. Chicken and human ferritin H-subunit genomic loci are organized with similar exon-intron boundaries. They exhibit approximately 85% nucleotide identity in coding regions, which yield proteins 93% identical in amino acid sequence. We have identified a sequence of 22 highly conserved nucleotides in the 5' untranslated sequences of chicken, human, and tadpole ferritin H-subunit genes and propose that this conserved sequence may regulate iron-modulated translation of ferritin H-subunit mRNAs.

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