scholarly journals True Grit and the Positivity of Faith

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. (A1)5-32
Author(s):  
Finlay Malcolm ◽  
Michael Scott
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Property

Most contemporary accounts of the nature of faith explicitly defend what we call ‘the positivity theory of faith’ – the theory that faith must be accompanied by a favourable evaluative belief, or a desire towards the object of faith. This paper examines the different varieties of the positivity theory and the arguments used to support it. Whilst initially plausible, we find that the theory faces numerous problematic counterexamples, and show that weaker versions of the positivity theory are ultimately implausible. We discuss a distinct property of faith that we call ‘true grit’, such that faith requires one to be resilient toward the evidential, practical, and psychological challenges that it faces. We show how true grit is necessary for faith, and provides a simpler and less problematic explanation of the evidence used to support the positivity theory.

Unbiased estimation of particle number and sizes using the new stereological tools: the disector, the fractionator, the selector, and the nucleator — or just point-sampled intercepts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
H.J.G. Gundersen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Small Distance ◽  
Parallel Plane ◽  
Unbiased Estimation ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
New Era ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Distinct Property ◽  
Sectioned Tissue

Previously, all stereological estimation of particle number and sizes were based on models and notoriously gave biased results, were very inefficient to use and difficult to justify. For all references to old methods and a direct comparison with unbiased methods see recent reviews.The publication in 1984 of the DISECTOR, the first unbiased stereological probe for sampling and counting 3—D objects irrespective of their size and shape, signalled the new era in stereology — and give rise to a number of remarkably simple and efficient techniques based on its distinct property: It is the only known way to obtain an unbiased sample of 3-D objects (cells, organelles, etc). The principle is simple: within a 2-D unbiased frame count or sample only cells which are not hit by a parallel plane at a known, small distance h.The area of the frame and h must be known, which might sometimes in itself be a problem, albeit usually a small one. A more severe problem may arise because these constants are known at the scale of the fixed, embedded and sectioned tissue which is often shrunken considerably.

Status

2019 ◽  
pp. 112-145
Author(s):  
Shelly Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Property ◽  
The Given ◽  
Psychological Capacities

This chapter sketches an account of the basis of status, suggesting that individuals with higher status largely have this status by virtue of having more developed and sophisticated psychological capacities. This idea is illustrated by indicating some of the relevant capacities which people have in a more sophisticated form than that had by animals. There are, however, other properties that can also be relevant for fixing an individual’s status, including their sheer potential to have status-enhancing psychological capacities, or—a distinct property—the fact that the given individual could have had various status-enhancing properties (a feature called modal status). The author offers accounts of potential and modal status, and explains how the overall picture of status being offered remains individualistic.

scholarly journals Output Units of Motor Behavior: An Experimental and Modeling Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Loeb ◽  
S. F. Giszter ◽  
P. Saltiel and E. Bizzi ◽  
F. A. Mussa-Ivaldi
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Muscle Synergies ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
Distinct Property ◽  
Small Set ◽  
The Brain

Cognitive approaches to motor control typically concern sequences of discrete actions without taking into account the stunning complexity of the geometry and dynamics of the muscles. This begs the question: Does the brain convert the intricate, continuous-time dynamics of the muscles into simpler discrete units of actions, and if so, how? One way for the brain to form discrete units of behavior from muscles is through the synergistic co-activation of muscles. While this possibility has long been known, the composition of potential muscle synergies has remained elusive. In this paper, we have focused on a method that allowed us to examine and compare the limb stabilization properties of all possible muscle combinations. We found that a small set (as few as 23 out of 65,536) of all possible combinations of 16 limb muscles are robust with respect to activation noise: these muscle combinations could stabilize the limb at predictable, restricted portions of the workspace in spite of broad variations in the force output of their component muscles. The locations at which the robust synergies stabilize the limb are not uniformly distributed throughout the leg's workspace, but rather, they cluster at four workspace areas. The simulated robust synergies are similar to the actual synergies we have previously found to be generated by activation of the spinal cord. Thus, we have developed a new analytical method that enabled us to select a few muscle synergies with interesting properties out of the set of possible muscle combinations. Beyond this, the identification of robustness as a common property of the synergies in simple motor behaviors will open the way to the study of dynamic stability, which is an important and distinct property of the vertebrate motor-control system.

QUANTUM DISCORD UNDER SYSTEM–ENVIRONMENT COUPLING: THE TWO-QUBIT CASE

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (01n03) ◽  
pp. 1345054 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIN-SHI XU ◽  
CHUAN-FENG LI
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Discord ◽  
Open Quantum Systems ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Quantum Systems ◽  
External Control ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
System Environment ◽  
Open Quantum ◽  
Distinct Property

Open quantum systems have attracted great attention, since inevitable coupling between quantum systems and their environment greatly affects the features of interest of these systems. Quantum discord, is a measure of the total nonclassical correlation in a quantum system that includes, but is not exclusive to, the distinct property of quantum entanglement. Quantum discord can exist in separated quantum states and plays an important role in many fundamental physics problems and practical quantum information tasks. There have been numerous investigations on quantum discord and its counterpart classical correlation. This short review focuses on highlighting the system–environment dynamics of two-qubit quantum discord and the influence of initial system–environment correlations on the dynamics of open quantum systems. The external control effect on the dynamics of open quantum systems are involved. Several related experimental works are discussed.

Pressure-driven flow of a vesicle through a square microchannel

2018 ◽  
Vol 861 ◽  
pp. 447-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Barakat ◽  
Shamim M. Ahmmed ◽  
Siva A. Vanapalli ◽  
Eric S. G. Shaqfeh
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Element ◽  
Rotational Symmetry ◽  
Stress Singularity ◽  
Lubrication Theory ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Square Duct ◽  
Square Channel ◽  
Distinct Property ◽  
Duct Geometry ◽  
Square Microchannel

The relative velocity and extra pressure drop of a single vesicle flowing through a square microchannel are quantified via boundary element simulations, lubrication theory and microfluidic experiments. The vesicle is modelled as a fluid sac enclosed by an inextensible, fluidic membrane with a negligible bending stiffness. All results are parametrized in terms of the vesicle sphericity (i.e. the reduced volume) and flow confinement (i.e. the ratio of the vesicle radius to the channel hydraulic radius). Direct comparison is made to previous studies of vesicle flow through circular tubes, revealing several distinct features of the square-channel geometry. Firstly, fluid in the suspending medium bypasses the vesicle through the corners of the channel, which in turn reduces the dissipation created by the vesicle. Secondly, the absence of rotational symmetry about the channel axis permits surface circulation in the membrane (tank treading), which in turn reduces the vesicle’s speed. At very high confinement, both theory and experiment indicate that the vesicle’s speed can be reduced below the mean speed of the suspending fluid through this mechanism. Finally, the contact area for lubrication is greatly reduced in the square-duct geometry, which in turn weakens the stress singularity predicted by lubrication theory. This fact directly leads to a breakdown of the lubrication approximation at low flow confinement, as verified by comparison to boundary element simulations. Since the only distinct property assumed of the membrane is its ability to preserve surface area locally, it is expected that the results of this study are applicable to other types of soft particles with immobilized surfaces (e.g. Pickering droplets, gel beads and biological cells).

Instrumental Understanding of Management Ideas

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-138
Author(s):  
Kjell-Arne Røvik
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Social Constructionist ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Distinct Property ◽  
Symbolic Perspective ◽  
As If

This chapter discusses the instrumental status of management ideas through the lenses of three theoretical perspectives. While from the modernistic–rationalistic perspective, management ideas are conceived of as tools, they are also frequently described as legitimizing elements or fashions viewed from the social constructionist–symbolic perspective. However, seen from a pragmatic perspective—this chapter’s main analytical frame—the instrumental quality of a management idea cannot be decided upon a priori, as if it were a distinct property of each idea. Instead, the implementation phase stands out as critical for the shaping of management ideas. A pragmatic lens, such as offered by translation theory, helps to identify a range of possible trajectories of initiatives to implement management ideas. Some lead to instrumentalization and practical use, while others do not. It is argued that translation theory has the potential to guide practitioners’ efforts to instrumentalize management ideas.

Qualitative Properties of Vibration about Nonhomogeneous Circular Membrane with Axisymmetrical Mass

2011 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 158-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wu ◽  
Q.Sh. Wang ◽  
D.J. Wang ◽  
Z.S. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Transverse Vibration ◽  
Circular Membrane ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Distribution Law ◽  
Distinct Property

Some qualitative properties are discussed about the transverse vibration of nonhomogene- ous circular membrane with axisymmetric mass distribution. The oscillating property of nonhomoge-neous circular membrane was expounded. The distinct property of frequency spectrum and the distribution law about the node circle of modal function are also proved.

Vibration Qualitative Properties of Nonhomogeneous Membrane

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 1114-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wu ◽  
Qi Shen Wang ◽  
Da Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Transverse Vibration ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Distribution Rule ◽  
Distinct Property

Some qualitative properties are discussed about the transverse vibration of nonhomogeneous rectangular membrane whose mass changes only along one direction. The oscillating property of nonhomogeneous rectangular membrane is presented. The distinct property of frequency spectrum and the distribution rule about the node line of modal function are also proved.

scholarly journals Ways of Seeing Advertising: Law and the Making of Visual Commercial Culture

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Anat Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
National Society ◽  
Commercial Culture ◽  
Outdoor Advertising ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Cultural Boundaries ◽  
Distinct Property ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Advertising Law

This article examines the role of law in shaping visual commercial culture by telling the story of the hoarding—the outdoor advertising surface for posters—in the formative decades of mass advertising in Britain, from roughly 1840 to 1914. The hoarding emerged in this period as a distinct property and a focal point of contestation over ways of seeing. Its meaning as a visual environment hinged on questions, which are still resonant today, about the interaction between economic and aesthetic categories: advertising and art, capital and beauty, commerce and culture. Historical actors—among them the organized billposting trade, the National Society for Checking the Abuses of Public Advertising, a civil society organization that took up the cause of protecting public spaces from advertising, governmental and local lawmakers, and citizens—enlisted private and public legal means to respond to these questions. This analysis draws on an expansive interdisciplinary archive to trace them. As it shows, legal means were engaged in cultural demarcation or what Thomas Gieryn has aptly termed boundary work. In establishing cultural boundaries, law defined the terms on which advertising became an integral element of daily visual experience, at once omnipresent and derided. The legal history of advertising thus offers deep insights for visual legal studies.

Properties of the Pathways From the Lateral Amygdal Nucleus to Basolateral Nucleus and Amygdalostriatal Transition Area

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 2593-2601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunsheng Wang ◽  
Maeng-Hee Kang-Park ◽  
Wilkie A. Wilson ◽  
Scott D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Imaging System ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Transition Area ◽  
Basolateral Nucleus ◽  
Distinct Property ◽  
Rate Of Decay ◽  
Rat Brain Slice ◽  
Electrical Stimuli

Studies have revealed that the amygdala formation is involved in emotional learning, attention, and autonomic functions. Although intra-amygdala connections have been described anatomically, the functional characteristics of these connections are not well understood. We used a rat brain slice preparation with a voltage-sensitive imaging system to compare the electrophysiological characteristics of intra-amygdala pathways. Electrical stimuli delivered to the lateral nucleus (La) caused the optical signal to propagate to basolateral nucleus (BL) and amygdalostriatal transition area (AStr), but not the central nucleus (Ce), consistent with previous anatomical studies, including the recently characterized projections from La to AStr. The velocity of propagation of the evoked potential along the La-AStr pathway was significantly faster than that along the La-BL pathway. In addition, the efficiency of the signal transmission (determined by the rate of decay) along the La-AStr pathway was higher than that along the La-BL pathway. Also, AStr possessed a distinct property of temporal summation of La signals. On the other hand, the La-BL pathway possessed a significantly higher sensitivity to bicuculline/picrotoxin and a stronger paired-pulse inhibition than the La-AStr pathway. Furthermore, the La-BL pathway expressed a higherd-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (a NMDA blocker) sensitivity than the La-AStr pathway. These results suggest that the La-AStr pathway, which conducts signals with high velocity and less attenuation, may be involved in rapid reflexive responses during fear-induced behavior, whereas the La-BL pathway facilitates signal integration and learning.

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