Papel del castigo parental en relación entre la adaptación económica y la inclusión escolar de niños

The aim of the paper was to examine the direct and indirect effect of economic adjustment on the emotional and behavioural school engagement of children, through parental punishment. The direct and indirect effects were examined depending on the gender of the child and the parent, and the source of the assessment of the examined constructs. Based on theoretical models, namely the Adams's and Ryan Family–School Relationships Model (2005), the Conger's and colleges Family Stress Model (2010), and the model of Yoshikawa and colleges (2012), hypothesis has been postulated about the existence of significant indirect but not the direct effect of the economic adjustment on the school engagement of boys and girls. In this paper, the data collected from 285 schoolchildren and their parents analysed. Children assessed punishment of the father and of the mother, and their school engagement and parents provided information on the economic adjustment. Using the Hayes's (2013) mediation process analysis, eight models were tested with direct and indirect effects of the economic adjustment on school engagement of the children. The results partly supported the hypothesis of the existence of significant indirect but not direct effects of economic adjustment on school engagement. The obtained results indicate that the effect of economic adjustment on school engagement of boys is only indirect, namely through parental punishment, while in girls the economic adjustment is both directly and indirectly related to school engagement. In boys, the adverse effect of economic adjustment on school engagement is realized through the behaviour of both mothers and fathers, while in girls only with the relation to maternal behaviour. The results indicate the significant and negative impact of the economic adjustment on school engagement of children.

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Creating an Engaged Workforce

Communication Research ◽

10.1177/0093650215613137 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 225-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Hua Jiang ◽

Rita Linjuan Men

Keyword(s):

Employee Engagement ◽

Social Exchange ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Authentic Leadership ◽

Social Exchange Theory ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

The United States ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Industrial Sectors ◽

The Social

Scholars have increasingly recognized the importance of studying factors leading to employee engagement. However, few researchers have created and tested theoretical models that propose mechanisms linking employee engagement to social contextual variables. Based on a random sample of employees ( n = 391) working across different industrial sectors in the United States, we proposed and tested a model (rooted in the Social Exchange Theory and the Job Demands-Resources Model) that examined how authentic leadership, transparent organizational communication, and work-life enrichment are interrelated. A simplified model containing both significant direct and indirect effects fits the data. Theoretical contributions and managerial ramifications of the study were discussed.

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The impact of epidemics on agricultural production and forecast of COVID-19

China Agricultural Economic Review ◽

10.1108/caer-04-2020-0055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 409-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Shurui Zhang ◽

Shuo Wang ◽

Lingran Yuan ◽

Xiaoguang Liu ◽

Binlei Gong

Keyword(s):

Indirect Effects ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

Control Measures ◽

Growth Accounting ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Content Type ◽

Dynamic Panel Model ◽

The Impact

PurposeThis article investigates the mechanism of the direct and indirect effects of epidemics on agricultural production and projects the impact of COVID-19 on agricultural output in China.Design/methodology/approachThis article first adopts a dynamic panel model and spatial Durbin model to estimate the direct and indirect effects, followed by a growth accounting method to identify the channels by which epidemics affect agriculture; finally, it projects the overall impact of COVID-19 on agriculture.FindingsThe incidence rate of epidemics in a province has a negative impact on that province's own agricultural productivity, but the increase in the input factors (land, fertilizer and machinery) can make up for the loss and thus lead to insignificant direct effects. However, this “input-offset-productivity” mechanism fails to radiate to the surrounding provinces and therefore leads to significant indirect/spillover effects. It is projected that COVID-19 will lower China's agricultural growth rate by 0.4%–2.0% in 2020 under different scenarios.Research limitations/implicationsIt is crucial to establish a timely disclosure and sharing system of epidemic information across provinces, improve the support and resilience of agricultural production in the short run and accelerate the process of agricultural modernization in the long run.Originality/valueConsidering the infectivity of epidemics, this article evaluates the mechanism of the direct and indirect effects by introducing a spatial dynamic model into the growth accounting framework. Moreover, besides the impact on input portfolio and productivity, this article also investigates whether epidemics reshape agricultural production processes due to panic effects and control measures.

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Direct and indirect effects of pollution on the foraging behaviour of forest passerines during the breeding season

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z97-233 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 556-565 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lluís Brotons ◽

Marc Magrans ◽

Lluís Ferrús ◽

Jacint Nadal

Keyword(s):

Breeding Season ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Foraging Behaviour ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Polluted Area ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Breeding Performance ◽

Coal Tit ◽

Site Use ◽

Aegithalos Caudatus

Direct and indirect effects of acid deposition on the foraging behaviour of three forest passerine species, the Crested Tit (Parus cristatus), Long-tailed Tit (Aegithalos caudatus), and Coal Tit (P. ater), during the breeding season were studied. In two areas, one affected by pollution from a nearby coal-fired power station and the other unaffected by pollution, we measured needle density and arthropod availability on tree branches; both factors are recognised as affecting the foraging behaviour of forest birds. Tree-site use and movement patterns of birds searching for prey were also determined in both areas. Branch needle density was lower in the polluted area, as were densities of the main arthropod groups found on needled twigs (Homoptera and Aranae); however, the total abundance of arthropods did not differ between the areas, and some groups even seemed to increase slightly in abundance in the polluted area. Bird behaviour differed between zones in both tree-site use and foraging activities. The Coal Tit showed the greatest number of differences between the areas. The three species showed lower pecking and higher vigilance rates in the polluted area. Higher vigilance rates are interpreted as a response to a higher predation risk due to thinned canopies in polluted forests. The results are discussed in relation to species' breeding performance and ecology. It is concluded that, through increasing levels of stress, the indirect effects of pollution have a negative impact on bird foraging behaviour during the breeding season.

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Direct and Indirect Effects of COVID-19 in Frail Elderly: Interventions and Recommendations

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11100999 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 999

Author(s):

María Guadalupe Pizano-Escalante ◽

Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza ◽

Karla Nuño ◽

José de Jesús Rodríguez-Romero ◽

Sughey Gonzalez-Torres ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elderly Patients ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Preventive Intervention ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Clinical Frailty Scale ◽

Nutritional Recommendations ◽

Risk Of Mortality ◽

Hospital Stays

Frailty is a state of vulnerability to stressors because of a decreased physiological reserve, resulting in poor health outcomes. This state is related to chronic conditions, many of which are risk factors for outcomes in elderly patients having SARS-COV-2. This review aims to describe frailty as a physiological vulnerability agent during the COVID-19 pandemic in elderly patients, summarizing the direct and indirect effects caused by the SARS-COV-2 infection and its prognosis in frail individuals, as well as the interventions and recommendations to reduce their effects. Cohort studies have shown that patients with a Clinical Frailty Scale higher than five have a higher risk of mortality and use of mechanical ventilation after COVID-19; nonetheless, other scales have also associated frailty with longer hospital stays and more severe forms of the disease. Additionally, the indirect effects caused by the pandemic have a negative impact on the health status of older people. Due to the above, a holistic intervention is proposed based on a comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail patients (preventive or post-infection) with emphasis on physical activity and nutritional recommendations, which could be a potential preventive intervention in viral infections by COVID-19.

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China’s Economic Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa

How China is Reshaping the Global Economy ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198738510.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 149-182

Author(s):

Rhys Jenkins

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Economic Impacts ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Domestic Industry ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Key Aspects ◽

The Impact

The chapter considers three key aspects of China’s economic impact on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). First, the direct and indirect effects of increased Chinese demand for commodities, which benefitted a number of SSA economies in the short and medium term, are looked at. China’s major contribution to development in the region has been through financing and building infrastructure. Finally, the impact on SSA manufacturing is analyzed. Despite concerns about the negative impact on domestic industry, it only appears to be a major problem in South Africa. However, optimistic views of the potential for Chinese firms to contribute to industrialization in the region appear over-optimistic. The chapter also includes case studies of the impact of China’s economic involvement in Angola, Ethiopia, and South Africa, which represent three different types of Sino-African relations.

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Tipping the Scales: A Theoretical Model to Describe the Opposing Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mortality

10.21203/rs.3.rs-137426/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mor saban ◽

Vicky Myers ◽

Osnat Luxenburng ◽

Rachel Wilf-miron

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Theoretical Model ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Exit Strategy ◽

Internal Resources ◽

External Pressures ◽

Opposing Effects

Abstract Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in changes in almost every aspect of life. The fatal consequences of the pandemic have been clearly reported, with direct and indirect effects; however, there is some evidence of a positive secondary impact, such as fewer motor accidents and reduced air pollution. Methods. We present a model to describe the opposing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality, taking into account external pressures and internal resources and their relationship with resilience and health behaviors, which affect mortality risk. Individuals with lower resources and from more deprived communities are likely to be more negatively affected by the external changes occurring. Results. The COVID-19 pandemic has had both a positive and negative impact on mortality. Conclusions. Decision makers should consider ways to incorporate the positive changes which occurred as part of the exit strategy. Special emphasis should be given to populations most affected by external changes, in order to build resilience and reduce disparities.

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Toward Integrative Reading Science: The Direct and Indirect Effects Model of Reading

Journal of Learning Disabilities ◽

10.1177/0022219420908239 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 469-491 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Young-Suk Grace Kim

Keyword(s):

Reading Fluency ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Word Reading ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Equation Model ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Hierarchical Relations ◽

Component Skills ◽

Knowledge Content

The authors propose an integrative theoretical model of reading called the direct and indirect effects model of reading (DIER) that builds on and extends several prominent theoretical models of reading. According to DIER, the following skills and knowledge are involved in reading comprehension: word reading, listening comprehension, text reading fluency, background knowledge (content knowledge and discourse knowledge), reading affect or socioemotions, higher order cognitions and regulation (e.g., inference, perspective taking, reasoning, and comprehension monitoring), vocabulary, grammatical (morphosyntactic and syntactic) knowledge, phonology, morphology, orthography, and domain–general cognitions (e.g., working memory and attentional control). Importantly, DIER also describes the nature of structural relations—component skills are hypothesized to have (a) hierarchical relations; (b) dynamic (or differential) relations as a function of text, activity (including assessment), and development; and (c) interactive relations. The authors then examined the hierarchical relations hypothesis by comparing a flat or direct relations model with hierarchical relations (or direct and indirect effects) models. Structural equation model results from 201 Korean-speaking first graders supported the hierarchical relations hypothesis and revealed multichanneled direct and indirect effects of component skills. These results are discussed in light of DIER, including instructional and assessment implications for reading development and reading difficulties.

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Group Differences in the Psychological Integration Path of the Rural-to-Urban Migrants: A Conditional Process Analysis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182111463 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (21) ◽

pp. 11463

Author(s):

Liu Yang ◽

Qinyao Wu

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Social Comparison ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Process Model ◽

Perceived Discrimination ◽

Process Analysis ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Psychological Integration

At present, income and welfare inequality between migrant workers and urban natives has improved in China, but there are still many “semi-urbanized” migrant workers, whose psychological integration into the migrant city is very important for their mental health. By using a second stage conditional process model to decompose the effect of income on psychological integration into direct and indirect effects, this study explores the different psychological integration paths of migrant workers in different migration ranges, based on the data of the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS). The results show that the total effect of income on psychological integration is positive, and the value of inter-provincial samples is twice that of full samples. There is a significant difference in psychological integration paths between inter-provincial and intra-provincial samples, and when social comparison acts as a mediator, income has no direct effect on psychological integration of intra-provincial samples, while the direct and indirect effects of inter-provincial samples account for half of each other. Perceived discrimination played a reversed moderated role in the effect of social comparison on psychological integration, i.e., the lower the degree of perceived discrimination, the stronger the positive effect of social comparison on psychological integration, and vice versa. Therefore, according to the actual needs of different groups, relevant policies should be gradually adjusted to improve the psychological integration of migrant workers, thus contributing to their mental health.

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