scholarly journals On a special type of necessity modality: The German verb sollen viewed from parallel corpora

2021 ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Dmitrij Dobrovol’skij
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Intermediate Position ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Parallel Corpora ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
The World ◽  
National Corpus ◽  
The Way

The article discusses the thesis that the German verb sollen expresses a special type of modality that occupies an intermediate position between necessity and possibility, i.e. the modality of weak ontological necessity. The modality expressed by the verb sollen can be characterized as follows: sollen points to the correlation of the state of aff airs P with a certain logic of development of events, not the only possible, but salient in some respect. This is the diff erence between this type of modality and “classical” necessity, which assumes that the state of aff airs P corresponds to the only possible logic of the world. The study was conducted on the material of the German-Russian parallel subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus, using the “monofocal” method of contrastive analysis, according to which the way of translating the analyzed linguistic unit into another language is used as a tool for its semantic analysis.

scholarly journals LOVE in English and Polish

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Brożyna Reczko
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
British National Corpus ◽  
National Corpus

LOVE in English and PolishThe paper presents a sample contrastive analysis of the linguistic picture of love in English and Polish. The material used in the survey is drawn from lexicographic data, including the British National Corpus and Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego [National Corpus of Polish]. The paper focuses on the similarities and differences in conceptualizing the abstract concept of love in the English and Polish languages. An analytical method, developed by Bartmiński and associates, serves as the theoretical basis for the reconstruction of the linguistic picture of the world. MIŁOŚĆ w języku angielskim i polskimNiniejszy artykuł to próba kontrastywnego porównania językowego obrazu świata MIŁOŚCI w języku angielskim i polskim. Materiał badawczy pochodzi głównie ze źródeł leksykograficznych: słowników oraz korpusów (Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego oraz z korpusu języka angielskiego British National Corpus). Celem badania było poszukiwanie podobieństw i różnic w konceptualizacji MIŁOŚCI w tych dwóch językach. Metoda badawcza została zaczerpnięta z prac J. Bartmińskiego i dotyczy rekonstrukcji językowego obrazu świata różnych pojęć.

The Plurality of States and the World Order of Reason

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Dellavalle
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Social Order ◽  
World Order ◽  
The State ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

This chapter argues that Hegel can be regarded as the philosopher who was the first to pave the way to a new paradigm of order and, thus, also to a new idea of the relation between the state and international law. Hegel would not only conceive order as a ‘system’—which emerges clearly from the investigation of the deep connection between his interpretation of international law and relations and the broader context of his philosophy—but this ‘system’ would also be something new within the horizon of the patterns of social order. Indeed, two elements of a new paradigm are at least sketched in Hegel’s philosophy: the polyarchic setting of order, and its dialectic (or maybe even communicative) understanding.

Sheng-Sheng (生生) as Being-Between-Generations: On the Existential Structure of Confucian Ethics

2020 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-149
Author(s):  
Sun Xiangcheng
Keyword(s):  
Filial Piety ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Confucian Ethics ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Existential Analysis ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
The World ◽  
The Analects ◽  
The Way

AbstractOn the level of existential structure, “Shengsheng Buxi” unfolds an existential structure different from Heidegger’s “being-in-the-world”. This paper calls it “being-between-the-generations”. Through this existential structure, it reveals many aspects which Heidegger ignored in his existential analysis. The existence of “I” between generations is, first of all, a conjunction of generations, “this body” has its own origin. Its original facing the Other is to love his/her parents, and showing the structure of “being-together-with-the-generations” in filial piety; family implements the existence of “inheritance”, thus gaining its ontological status in this structure. The state of mood in generations shows the “Enjoyment-at-home” of this-body; at the same time, being-between-the-generations also makes “learning” and “teaching” indispensable and essential moments in the existential structure, and makes the “Project” of “trans-generations” possible. The “historicity” formed by “generations” has an impact on this. Ultimately, in the memorial ceremony of “death of parents and ancestors”, it builds the structure of “being-together-with-the-generations” within a family, and maintains the dimension of transcendence, in the way of filial piety, whose nature is revealed in The Analects as “Tribute to the death of parents and keeping memory of ancestors” (慎終追遠).

The Performance Management Fix Is In: How Practice Can Build on the Research

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Levy ◽  
Stanley B. Silverman ◽  
Caitlin M. Cavanaugh
Keyword(s):  
Performance Management ◽  
Organizational Psychology ◽  
The State ◽  
Science Practice ◽  
The World ◽  
Practice Gap ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Industrial And Organizational Psychology ◽  
Scientist Practitioner Model ◽  
The Way

The scientist–practitioner model of training in industrial and organizational psychology provides the foundation for the education of industrial and organizational psychologists across the world. This approach is important because, as industrial and organizational psychologists, we are responsible for both the creation and discovery of knowledge and the use or application of that knowledge. In multiple articles recently published in this journal, Pulakos and her colleagues (Pulakos, Mueller Hanson, Arad, & Moye, 2015; Pulakos & O’Leary, 2011) have argued that performance management (PM), as applied and implemented in organizations, is broken. This is not a unique take on the state of PM in organizations, as others have been arguing for many years that PM is no longer working in organizations the way that we would like it to work (Banks & Murphy, 1985; Bretz, Milkovich, & Read, 1992). Further, for many years and in many Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology conference panels and debates in the literature, we have been inundated with discussions and conversations around the science–practice gap and around the gap being especially evident in PM.

Three Perspectives on Swedish Indefinite Determiners

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joakim Nivre
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Formal Semantic ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Swedish Data ◽  
The Way

This article investigates the meaning and use of singular indefinite determiners in Swedish, in particular the way in which the existential determiner någon/något contrasts with the indefinite article en/ett in different contexts. The problem is approached from three different perspectives, the first being a contrastive Scandinavian perspective, where the Swedish data are reviewed in the light of contrastive data from the closely related languages Danish and Norwegian. Secondly, corpus data are used to substantiate the results of the contrastive analysis both quantitatively and qualitatively. The last section adopts a more theoretical perspective and tries to present a formal semantic analysis of the two determiners under study, drawing on typological work on indefinites and studies of the historical development of indefinite determiners.

Nurturing the Indwelling Protest: Max Horkheimer and the Dialectic of Religious Resistance and Betrayal

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 380-397
Author(s):  
Roland Boer
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
Religion And Theology ◽  
Max Horkheimer ◽  
Liberal Theology ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

AbstractThis article critiques and assesses Max Horkheimer’s lifelong interest in matters of religion and theology. He rehearses a theme throughout his work that strengthens in his later years: an authentic Christianity or Judaism owes its allegiance to and longing for a “totally other” and not any temporal power such as the state. Indeed, in the name of this other – understood in either ontological or temporal terms – Christians would do well to remember the trenchant criticisms of vested power and wealth and Jews would do equally well to remember the basic impulse of not being conformed to this world. In short, such a religious standpoint is one of persistent and incorruptible resistance to the world in every fibre of one’s being. The problem is that religions like Judaism and Christianity have betrayed that resistance in the name of the totally other and made deals with the world – with the state, with wealth, with influence and with the economic systems of the day. This betrayal shows up, for example, in the way Christianity has often become an established religion, in the establishment of a Jewish state and in liberal theology. I am not taken with this grand opposition, which trades on the distinction between authentic and inauthentic, the latter functioning as a betrayal of the former. Far more interesting are the moments when Horkheimer sets his dialectical skills to work on this opposition. When this happens, we find him arguing that the “betrayal” was often a necessary process for the survival of the religion in question, for any religion that followed the precepts of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels would soon have been ground into the dust.

scholarly journals Reflecting national identity in universal concepts

2021 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 02013
Author(s):  
Larisa Nikolaevna Aleshina ◽  
Irina Aleksandrovna Zaytseva ◽  
Evgeniy Sergeevich Smakhtin ◽  
Elena Anatolyevna Gilovaya ◽  
Svetlana Sergeevna Lapshina
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Common Understanding

The issue of reflecting national mentality in the linguistic worldview continues to be relevant as each people has its own specific mindset and common mood related to moral and ethical features of its formation. The article describes a national concept as a complete combination of thought, religions, cultural traditions, folklore that form a conceptual sphere of a language. Therefore, studying the reflection of national identity in the concepts seems to be essential, as the concept itself is a key category in linguistic research of viewing the world through language. The main purpose of this study is to perform a comparative analysis of conceptual spheres of the Russian and English languages. To achieve this purpose we set several tasks: to characterize peculiarities of expressing the key concepts sovest’/conscience, dobro/good, pravda/truth, krasota/beauty in speech; to identify extralinguistic factors fostering common understanding of the conceptual spheres being analyzed in the Russian and English linguistic worldviews. The article uses a complex research methodology, which combines descriptive and analytical methods, as well as the opposition technique and structural and semantic analysis of a word. The paper concludes that only those connotations of the concepts that become a symbol referring to a certain perspective of national mentality are ethnoculturally essential. In the conceptual spheres of English and Russian, key notions defining value systems of these cultures play a significant role. Evolution of material and spiritual culture is reflected in a concept as a single linguistic unit.

scholarly journals Modelling, Detection and Exploitation of Lexical Functions for Analysis

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Didier Schwab ◽  
Mathieu Lafourcade
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Natural Language Generation ◽  
Language Generation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

Lexical functions (LF) model relations between terms in the lexicon. These relations can be knowledge about the world (Napoleon was an emperor) or knowledge about the language (<destiny> is synonym of <fate>). In this article, we show that LF instanciation in texts is useful both for semantic analysis (for example, resolution of lexical ambiguities or prepositional attachment and synthesis, i.e. natural language generation. We describe the architecture of a Semantic Lexical Base and the way how LFs are modeled, detected and used. More precisely, we show how each LF is modelled using thematic (conceptual vectors) and lexical (materialised relations between database objects) information and how we exploit the results in the base. We also describe how these functions allow the database to be explored continuously rather than in a discrete way.

Universals and diversity in gesture

Gesture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kensy Cooperrider
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Conceptual Frameworks ◽  
Universal Language ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

Abstract At the dawn of anthropology, gesture was widely considered a “universal language”. In the 20th century, however, this framing fell out of favor as anthropologists rejected universalism in favor of relativism. These polemical positions were largely fueled by high-flying rhetoric and second-hand report; researchers had neither the data nor the conceptual frameworks to stake out substantive positions. Today we have much more data, but our frameworks remain underdeveloped and often implicit. Here, I outline several emerging conceptual tools that help us make sense of universals and diversity in gesture. I then sketch the state of our knowledge about a handful of gestural phenomena, further developing these conceptual tools on the way. This brief survey underscores a clear conclusion: gesture is unmistakably similar around the world while also being broadly diverse. Our task ahead is to put polemics aside and explore this duality systematically – and soon, before gestural diversity dwindles further.

Pickpocket Training Poem on Credit / 291 best terms he could. He put spurs to his old mare, rode before the news, and sold to the widow Lowly and her two sons, who had just come of age, about fifty thousand acres of land, which lay the Lord knows where, and to which he knew he had no title, and took all their father, the old deacon’s farm in mortgage, and threatens to turn the poor widow upon the town, and her two boys upon the world; but this is the way of the world. The ’Squire is a great speculator, he is of the quorum, can sit on the sessions, and fine poor girls for natural misteps; but I am a little rogue, who speculated in only fifty acres of rocks, and must stand here in the pillory. Then there is the state of Georgia. They sold millions of acres, to which they had no more title, than I to David Dray’s land. Their great men pocketed the money; and their Honourable Assembly publicly burnt all the records of their conveyance, and are now selling the lands again. But Georgia is a great Honourable State. They can keep Negro slaves, race horses, gouge out eyes, send, members to fight duels at Congress, and cry out for France and the guillotine, and be honoured in the land; while poor I, who never murdered any one, who never fought a duel or gouged an eye; and had too much honour to burn my forged deed, when I had once been wicked enough to make it, must stand here in the pillory, for I am a little rogue. Take warning by my sad fate; and if you must speculate in lands, let it be in millions of acres; and if you must be rogues, take warning by my unhappy fate and become great rogues.—For as it is said in a pair of verses I read when I was a boy,

2018 ◽  
pp. 307-311
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Town ◽  
Race Horses ◽  
The Way
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