scholarly journals Privatwaldforschung in Deutschland: Überblick und Folgerungen | Private forest owner research in Germany: Overview and implications

2007 ◽  
Vol 158 (9) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rüdiger Mutz
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Owner ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Private Forests ◽  
Service Programs ◽  
New Type ◽  
Total Forest Area

This contribution aims to give a summary about the research of private forests in Germany by summarizing the forest structure, enumerating themes and trends, and illustrating four studies. The private forests in Germany share 43.6% on the total forest area (EU-average: 65%), the largest percentage of the German forest area in comparison to state or communal forests. In private forests considerably less wood is utilized as is grown again. Furthermore, private forests are actually prone to drastic structural changes in combination with the structural crisis of agriculture. Beyond the traditional agricultural forest owner a new type of forest owner is appearing,so-called «urban» forest owner. For further research meta-analysis, an evaluation of advisory service programs and forest funds are discussed.

scholarly journals Post-communism structural changes of the Romanian forestry sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Ioan Vasile Abrudan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Owners ◽  
Forest Ownership ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
The Government ◽  
Total Forest Area ◽  
Regional Forest

Forests cover 28 % of the land area of Romania and, they are important from the ecological, economic and social perspectives. Political initiatives to restore property to its pre-nationalization (1948) forest owners became a reality, after the fall of communism. Compared to the other former communist countries from Central and Eastern Europe, the forest restitution process in Romania took a longer time and has been legally implemented via three successive restitution laws in a period of 15 years: Law 18/1991, Law 1/2000 and Law 457/2005. By the successive implementation of these forest restitution laws, the total forest area restituted to the non-state forest owners reached 3.15 million ha at the beginning of 2017, representing about half of the total forest area in Romania. The institutional changes in the forestry sector have been politically influenced (both by the Government and European Union) and not always responsive to the sector needs, realities and evolution. Whilst during the communist period, all typical sectoral functions such as regulatory, supervisory, management and ownership were under the responsibility of the same entity – the Ministry of Forests, in early 1990 s the regulatory and supervisory functions of the state were separated from the management function as the National Forest Administration (NFA)-Romsilva was established as the management entity of state forests, mainly with a commercial mandate. The move of the Department of Forests (the public authority responsible for forests in Romania) under different ministries in the last three decades was accompanied by many changes of the subordinated units and disruptions in the normal activity of its staff. Regarding the forest control and supervisory functions at regional level, 7 regional Forest Inspectorates were established in 1999, their number being increased to 16 in 2001. After 2003 they have had a tumultuous evolution, with several changes of mission and subordination and in 2015, the Forest Inspectorates were transformed into Forest Guards. A significant institutional milestone in the post-communist development of the forestry sector in Romania was the establishment of the first "private" forest districts (administrative/management legal entities for non-state forests, similar to those of NFA-Romsilva) in 2002: their number reached 145 in 2017, managing more than 1.7 million ha of forests. The radical change in forest ownership continues to pose a high pressure on the restructuring of the forest institutions, administration and management structures. It is expected that the decentralisation and reduction of state role in forest administration and management will continue in the next decade.

scholarly journals Conservation perspectives of small-scale private forest owners in Europe: A systematic review

AMBIO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Tiebel ◽  
Andreas Mölder ◽  
Tobias Plieninger
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Private Forest Owners ◽  
Forest Owners ◽  
Private Forests

AbstractPrivate forest owners are the main forest ownership group within Europe, and important conservation values have been found on their land. Yet, small plot sizes, societal heterogeneity, and structural changes impede developing and implementing effective conservation programs in private forests. We present a systematic literature review focusing on small-scale private forest owners and their perspectives on nature conservation by synthesizing research approaches, social-ecological drivers, and policy recommendations. Conservation perspectives were positively related to female gender, higher levels of education, formalized forest management, an active relation to the forest, and ecological values of the property. In contrast, high age, rural orientation, economic forest management factors, large parcel size, and economic and sentimental property values negatively influenced conservation perspectives. Applying a natural resource conflict management framework, we synthesized recommendations covering three dimensions: substance, procedure, relationship. Considering perspectives of small-scale private forest owners in current forestry decision-making has great potential to strengthen sustainable forest management that integrates nature conservation and resource use.

The attitude of the Flemish private forest owner towards multiple use forestry and the new forest decree

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lust
Keyword(s):  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Forest Owner ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Private Forests ◽  
Private Forest Owner ◽  
Forest Legislation ◽  
The One

The  importance of private forest in the multiple use forestry in Flanders should  not be underestimated. Generally speaking, the attitude of the private forest  owner is far from negative. Practice has shown some positive achievements.  The private forest owner is not only interested in wood production and  investment, but he also takes a very keen interest in hunting, nature  conservation and recreation. Forest legislation is a good means to increase  the significance of multiple use forestry in private forests. In this  respect, the recent Flemish Forest Decree makes a considerable contribution,  on the one hand by imposing some obligations, such as a management plan, and  on the other hand by promoting wood production as well as forest  conservation, recreation and nature development in the forest.

scholarly journals La tempête de verglas de 1998: les programmes forestiers au Québec

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-601
Author(s):  
Mario Castonguay ◽  
Josée Pâquet ◽  
Gisèle Bélanger ◽  
Augustin Lebeau ◽  
Marie-Josée Coupal
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Forest Owner ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Private Forests ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
Forest Development ◽  
The Government

In January 1998, a severe ice storm seriously damaged private forests in southern Quebec. The federal and provincial governments agreed to implement three special assistance programs for the owners of forests and farmland. On-site application of the government measures has been entrusted to the six agencies for private forest development in the regions affected by the ice storm. The assistance consists mainly of providing eligible owners with training, consulting and technical services and in providing financial support for the restoration and regeneration of heavily damaged forests. Keywords: forest restoration, forest development, forest owner, biodiversity, financial assistance program, agency for private forest development

Private forests, public benefits: increased housing density and other pressures on private forest contributions

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Stein ◽  
Ronald E. McRoberts ◽  
Lisa G. Mahal ◽  
Mary A. Carr ◽  
Ralph J. Alig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Forest ◽  
Housing Density ◽  
Private Forests ◽  
Public Benefits

Mehr Mut zur Wildnis (Essay) | A more courageous attitude to wilderness (essay)

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (8) ◽  
pp. 286-290
Author(s):  
Adrian Borgula
Keyword(s):  
Forest Area ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Wilderness Areas ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Total Forest Area

Where nature protection is concerned, the expert assessment of an environment poses questions about its natural and cultural heritage and its potential, about how representative it may be, about biodiversity in all its facets and about its development or potential threats to its existence. Although the forest was the dominant habitat in the original natural European landscape, for a long time nature protection has devoted too little attention to it. There are diverse threats and deficiencies. However, in the Swiss forests positive developments are discernible. Thus nature protection is one of the basic functions of the forest, nature reserves are being created, the area of the forest is increasing, as are reserves of deadwood, and greater importance is being given to regeneration suited to the site. Nevertheless much remains to be done to really achieve the goal of biodiversity and sus-tainability. For this purpose segregative and integrative measures are required. Since diversity needs surface area, in the first place it must be possible to set aside as forest reserves a quarter of the total forest area, spread over the whole country and preferably as natural forest reserves, in order to start the process of a long-term restoration to the natural state. Here the conservation of natural self-regulating processes supersedes classical nature protection. With a series of further integrative measures, biodiversity must also be promoted over the whole remaining forest area and in the areas of transition to other habitats. An abundance of varied structures is the key to diversity of species. A more courageous attitude to wilderness and “untidiness” when dealing with the forest is to be recommended. Nature experiences in wilderness areas give the population the possibility of discovering diversity and natural processes and encourage respect for the innumerable other species and habitats.

scholarly journals Private Forests in Nepal: Status and Policy Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swoyambhu M. Amatya ◽  
Prakash Lamsal
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
National Level ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Private Forest Owners ◽  
Forest Owners ◽  
Private Forests

 This paper reviews and analyses the present status of private forests and tenure administration in light of existing legal, policy, and regulatory frameworks in Nepal. Additionally, the present status of private forests, as well as the scenarios of timber harvesting, transportation, marketing, and their administration are thoroughly revised. Provisions regarding forests and trees on private land and their basis are examined and implications are articulated for potential policy improvements for enhanced tenure security. It is shown that robust national-level policies and legal frameworks exist, and that there is an increasing trend of timber flows to markets from private forests over the past five years. However, there is still skepticism, mistrust and fear amongst private forest owners, saw millers, and forest administration that prevents the full use of the bundle of rights that legal and policy provisions have promised. An unusually slow pace of private forest registration, lengthy and multi stage processes for obtaining harvesting and transportation permits, and official bans on important commercial species, among others, are found to be the factors that most hinder the private forest owners’ and tree growers’ interests, and their rights and obligations with respect to the management and use of their private forest resources. It is concluded that a simplified permitting process along with programmatic support would promote and help to grow private forestry and that Nepal’s experience and lessons learned from community forest implementation would be a great asset to move towards this end. Connecting community forest user groups for organised and cooperative action, and mobilising their institutional strength and accumulated funds for pro-farmer technical and regulatory support would allow farmers to intensify tree plantations and forest management. Further steps are required to convince policymakers and secure necessary budgetary support to this end..

scholarly journals Animal models for pelvic organ prolapse: systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Gabriela M. C. Mori da Cunha ◽  
Katerina Mackova ◽  
Lucie Hajkova Hympanova ◽  
Maria Augusta T. Bortolini ◽  
Jan Deprest
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Organ Prolapse ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Levator Ani ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Pelvic Organ ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Levator Ani Muscle

Abstract Introduction and hypothesis We aimed to summarize the knowledge on the pathogenesis of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) generated in animal models. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane and the Web of Science to establish what animal models are used in the study of suggested risk factors for the development of POP, including pregnancy, labor, delivery, parity, aging and menopause. Lack of methodologic uniformity precluded meta-analysis; hence, results are presented as a narrative review. Results A total of 7426 studies were identified, of which 51 were included in the analysis. Pregnancy has a measurable and consistent effect across species. In rats, simulated vaginal delivery induces structural changes in the pelvic floor, without complete recovery of the vaginal muscular layer and its microvasculature, though it does not induce POP. In sheep, first vaginal delivery has a measurable effect on vaginal compliance; measured effects of additional deliveries are inconsistent. Squirrel monkeys can develop POP. Denervation of their levator ani muscle facilitates this process in animals that delivered vaginally. The models used do not develop spontaneous menopause, so it is induced by ovariectomy. Effects of menopause depend on the age at ovariectomy and the interval to measurement. In several species menopause is associated with an increase in collagen content in the longer term. In rodents there were no measurable effects of age apart of elastin changes. We found no usable data for other species. Conclusion In several species there are measurable effects of pregnancy, delivery and iatrogenic menopause. Squirrel monkeys can develop spontaneous prolapse.

scholarly journals Decreased choroidal and scleral thicknesses in highly myopic eyes with posterior staphyloma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Un Chul Park ◽  
Eun Kyoung Lee ◽  
Bo Hee Kim ◽  
Baek-Lok Oh
Keyword(s):  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pathologic Myopia ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
Posterior Staphyloma ◽  
Myopic Maculopathy

AbstractIn this cross-sectional study, we investigated choroidal thickness (CT) and scleral thickness (ST) in highly myopic eyes and their associations with ocular factors. Patients underwent widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure the CT and ST at the subfovea and 3000 μm superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal to the fovea and macular curvature. A total of 237 eyes (154 patients) were included. At all five measurement points, thinner CTs and STs were associated with longer axial lengths (r = − 0.548 to − 0.357, all P < 0.001) and greater macular curvatures (r = − 0.542 to − 0.305, all P < 0.001). The CT and ST were significantly thinner in eyes with posterior staphyloma than in those without at all measurement points (all P ≤ 0.006) but did not differ between eyes with the wide macular and narrow macular type of staphyloma. Eyes with myopic maculopathy of category ≥ 3 according to the International Meta-Analysis for Pathologic Myopia classification had significantly thinner CTs and STs than those with category ≤ 2 (all P ≤ 0.005). In highly myopic eyes, a decrease in the CT and ST was more pronounced in eyes with more structural changes, such as longer axial length, steeper macular curvature, and the presence of posterior staphyloma.

Forest land – causes of change and coherence of data sources

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 54-68
Author(s):  
Marek Jabłoński
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Succession ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Private Forests

The author presents results of study concerning changes of forest area in Polish gminas and powiats in years 2008–2013. It was recognised that changes of forest area cannot be explained by both afforestation and deforestation processes only. It is important in terms of area fluctuations, eg. of private forests is secondary succession forests on abandoned former farmland as well as heterogeneous approach to the recognition of such areas in the register of land and buildings.

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