scholarly journals A simple model to evaluate ice melt over the ablation area of glaciers in the Central Karakoram National Park, Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (70) ◽  
pp. 202-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Minora ◽  
A. Senese ◽  
D. Bocchiola ◽  
A. Soncini ◽  
C. D’agata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study provides an estimate of fresh water derived from ice melt for the ablation areas of glaciers in the Central Karakoram National Park (CKNP), Pakistan. In the CKNP there are ~700 glaciers, covering ~4600 km2, with widespread debris cover (518 km2). To assess meltwater volume we applied a distributed model able to describe both debris-covered and debris-free ice ablation. The model was calibrated using data collected in the field in the CKNP area and validated by comparison with ablation data collected in the field, independent of the data used in building the model. During 23 July–9 August 2011, the mean model-estimated ablation in the CKNP was 0.024 m w.e. d–1 in debris-covered areas and 0.037 m w.e. d–1 in debris-free areas. We found a mean error of +0.01 m w.e. (corresponding to 2%) and a root-mean-square error equal to 0.09 m w.e. (17%). According to our model, the ablation areas of all the glaciers in the CKNP produced a water volume of 1.963 km3 during the study period. Finally, we performed several sensitivity tests for assessing the impact of the input data variations.

Standardizing Instructions for Ice and Cold Pack Use Can Mitigate Summer Temperatures on Two Commercially Available Outdoor Courier Lockboxes

2021 ◽  
Vol 156 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S119-S120
Author(s):  
S A Hart ◽  
J R Wiencek
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Cold Pack ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Storage

Abstract Introduction/Objective Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document GP44 recommends samples avoid temperatures >22°C during sample transport and storage. Outdoor courier lockboxes used in external sample transport can experience extreme temperatures (>40°C) in the summer. Ice (frozen at -20°C) and cold (refrigerated at 4-8°C) packs can be used to reduce internal lockbox temperatures during hot summer days. Unfortunately, there are no universally accepted instructions to maintain internal lockbox temperatures during these conditions. Therefore, our goal was to elucidate the impact of placing ice and cold packs at two specific time points to mitigate external summer temperatures in two commercially available outdoor courier lockboxes used at our institution. Methods/Case Report Two pairs of uniquely manufactured courier lockboxes (steel vs. urethane polymer) were placed outside in direct sunlight in Nashville, Tennessee during the second week of June 2021. Ambient outdoor and lockbox temperatures were monitored using data loggers during a four-day cycle. Each type of lockbox design had a control with no ice or cold packs. These controls were then compared to each experimental, paired lockbox with four ice packs placed at 8am and replaced with four cold packs at 4pm. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) The mean ambient outdoor temperature over these four days was 27.7°C (range: 22.2-39.8°C). Temperatures within the steel and urethane polymer lockboxes without ice or cold packs was 28.3°C (range: 22.4-40.8°C) and 31.6°C (range: 23.8-41.0°C), respectively. The addition of four ice packs at 8am and replaced with four cold packs at 4pm reduced temperatures in the steel box to 24.3°C (range: 17.4-27.9°C) whereas in the urethane polymer box temperatures were reduced to 13.4°C (range: 6.6-18.1°C). Conclusion Temperatures inside outdoor lockboxes can increase in summer commonly above the outdoor ambient temperature. Standardizing instructions for ice and cold packs can reduce internal outdoor courier lockbox temperatures during summer months, especially in urethane polymer lockboxes.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Review of Tebuconazole Effect on Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol Content in Wheat

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Paul ◽  
P. E. Lipps ◽  
D. E. Hershman ◽  
M. P. McMullen ◽  
M. A. Draper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

A meta-analysis of the effect of tebuconazole (e.g., Folicur 3.6F) on Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol (DON) content of wheat grain was performed using data collected from uniform fungicide trials (UFTs) conducted at multiple locations across U.S. wheat-growing regions. Response ratios (mean disease and DON levels from tebuconazole-treated plots, divided by mean disease and DON levels from untreated check plots) were calculated for each of 139 studies for tebuconazole effect on Fusarium head blight index (IND; field or plot-level disease severity, i.e., mean proportion of diseased spikelets per spike) and 101 studies for tebuconazole effect on DON contamination of harvested grain. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on the log-transformed ratios, and the estimated mean log ratios were transformed to estimate the mean (expected) percent control for IND ( CIND ) and DON ( CDON). A mixed effects meta-analysis was then done to determine the effects of wheat type (spring versus winter wheat) and disease and DON levels in the controls on the log ratios. Tebuconazole was more effective at limiting IND than DON, with CIND and CDON values of 40.3 and 21.6%, respectively. The efficacy of tebuconazole as determined by the impact on both IND and DON was greater in spring wheat than in winter wheat (P < 0.01), with a 13.2% higher CIND and a 12.4% higher CDON in spring wheat than in winter wheat. In general, CIND and CDON were both at their lowest values (and not significantly different from 0) when mean IND and DON in the controls, respectively, were low (≤2% for IND and <1 ppm for DON). CIND was 25% higher in studies with mean IND between 2 and 15% than in studies with mean IND ≤ 2%, whereas CDON was 28.8% higher in studies with mean DON between 1 and 10 ppm than in studies with mean DON < 1 ppm. The between-study variance was significantly greater than 0 (P < 0.01), indicating considerable (unexplained) variability in percent control.

scholarly journals Application of the Frier Distributed Model for Estimating the Impact of Land use Changes on the Water Balance in Selected Basins in Slovakia

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Horvát ◽  
Kamila Hlavčová ◽  
Silvia Kohnová ◽  
Michal Danko
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Hydrologic Processes ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Application of the Frier Distributed Model for Estimating the Impact of Land use Changes on the Water Balance in Selected Basins in SlovakiaIn this study, the FRIER rainfall-runoff model with distributed parameters was developed to assess changes in runoff and water balance due to changes in land use and climate. The water balance was calculated at 3 levels: on the surface and in unsaturated and saturated zones. Six basins from the central and eastern parts of Slovakia were selected on the basis of their similar size, but different topography, land use, soil texture and climate: the upper Hornád, the upper Hron, the Poprad, the Rimava, the Slaná and the Torysa River basins. Model parameters were estimated using data from the period from June 1998 to May 2000 in daily time steps. The differences and similarities of the hydrologic processes in individual basins were investigated during the calibration period. Several scenarios of changes in land use and two simple scenarios of changes in climate were developed to estimate the impact of these changes on water balance and runoff. The changes in the hydrological regime were compared and discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of climatic conditions on fire risk in Djerdap National Park (Serbia): A case study of September 2011

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5 Part A) ◽  
pp. 2845-2855
Author(s):  
Stanimir Zivanovic ◽  
Ivana Tosic
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
National Park ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Using Data ◽  
June July ◽  
The Impact

The Djerdap National Park in Serbia is vulnerable to fires. The variability of a fire in the Djerdap National Park is studied depending on the impact of climatic conditions. The influence was investigated on a yearly, monthly, and daily basis using data recorded at the meteorological station Veliko Gradiste. Data were analyzed for two periods: 1961-1990 and 1991-2017, and for the year of 2011. Special attention is devoted to the conditions for the emergence of the largest forest fire in the Djerdap National Park in September 2011. In this study, the Angstrom index, the Nesterov index, and method of deficit and surplus of precipitation are used to predict the risk of fire. There was an increased danger of fire in the forests in the period of 1991-2017 compared to the period of 1961-1990. Indices showing fire risk are increased for the months of June, July, and August. The September 2011 is characterized by an increase of average monthly air temperature by 3.7?C and a reduction of the total monthly rainfall of 32.3 mm compared to a long-term average value which favorable influenced to the occurrence of large forest fires.

scholarly journals Impact of the Mean Daily Air Temperature Calculation on the Rainfall-Runoff Modelling

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3175
Author(s):  
Nejc Bezak ◽  
Lazar Cerović ◽  
Mojca Šraj
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Temperature Calculation ◽  
Maximum Discharge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Conceptual rainfall-runoff models besides precipitation and discharge data generally require estimates of the mean daily air temperature as input data. For the estimation of the mean daily air temperature, there are different methods available. The paper presents an evaluation of the impact of the mean daily air temperature calculation on the rainfall-runoff modelling results. Additionally, other measured variables and rating curve uncertainty were assessed. Differences in the mean daily air temperature values were evaluated for the 33 meteorological stations in Slovenia and additional investigations were conducted for four selected meso-scale catchments located in different climates. The results of the application of four equations for the mean air temperature calculation yielded the mean absolute error values between 0.56–0.80 °C. However, the results of rainfall-runoff modelling showed that these differences had an almost negligible impact on the model results. Differences in the mean simulated discharge values were no larger than 1%, while differences in the maximum discharge values were a bit larger, but did not exceed 5%. A somewhat larger impact on the model results was observed when precipitation and water level measurements’ uncertainty was included. However, among all analysed input data uncertainties, the rating curve uncertainty can be regarded as the most influential with differences in the simulated mean discharge values in the range of 3% and differences in the maximum discharge values up to 14%.

scholarly journals STUDENTS’ VISUALIZATION IN READING AND THEIR COGNITIVE LEARNING STYLES

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Ainul - Addinna ◽  
Ririn - Ovilia ◽  
Risda - Asfina
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Learning Styles ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Visualization Strategy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

Empirically visualizing the text being read into pictures, diagrams, or images evidently deepens students’ reading comprehension. Given the evidence of its significance, this study is intended to figure out the impact of visualizing the text on the students’ reading comprehension observed from the students’ cognitive learning styles namely field independent (FI) and field dependent (FD). Due to its purpose, the experimental study, quasy-experimental research to be specific, was carried out. Fifty four fifth-semester students at Universitas Negeri Malang participated in this study. The findings were shockingly contradictory with the empirical evidence provided in previous studies. It is revealed that visualization strategy was proven to be ineffective in enhancing students’ reading comprehension on account for some factors. Besides, the mean score of FI students in experimental group was slightly above FD students’. Again, the difference is empirically proven to be insignificant. 

scholarly journals Geographic access to emergency obstetric services: a model incorporating patient bypassing using data from Mozambique

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 5) ◽  
pp. e000772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily B Keyes ◽  
Caleb Parker ◽  
Seth Zissette ◽  
Patricia E Bailey ◽  
Orvalho Augusto
Keyword(s):  
Level Of Care ◽  
Geographic Access ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Timely Access ◽  
Total Travel Time ◽  
Obstetric Services ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionTargeted approaches to further reduce maternal mortality require thorough understanding of the geographic barriers that women face when seeking care. Common measures of geographic access do not account for the time needed to reach services, despite substantial evidence that links proximity with greater use of facility services. Further, methods for measuring access often ignore the evidence that women frequently bypass close facilities based on perceptions of service quality. This paper aims to adapt existing approaches for measuring geographic access to better reflect women’s bypassing behaviour, using data from Mozambique.MethodsUsing multiple data sources and modelling within a geographic information system, we calculated two segments of a patient’s time to care: (1) home to the first preferred facility, assuming a woman might travel longer to reach a facility she perceived to be of higher quality; and (2) referral between the first preferred facility and facilities providing the highest level of care (eg, surgery). Combined, these two segments are total travel time to highest care. We then modelled the impact of expanding services and emergency referral infrastructure.ResultsThe combination of upgrading geographically strategic facilities to provide the highest level of care and providing transportation to midlevel facilities modestly increased the percentage of the population with 2-hour access to the highest level of care (from 41% to 45%). The mean transfer time between facilities would be reduced by 39% (from 2.9 to 1.8 hours), and the mean total journey time by 18% (from 2.5 to 2.0 hours).ConclusionThis adapted methodology is an effective tool for health planners at all levels of the health system, particularly to identify areas of very poor access. The modelled changes indicate substantial improvements in access and identify populations outside timely access for whom more innovative interventions are needed.

Impact of water volume on operating cost

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 804-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Moffitt ◽  
A. Danilenko
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Cost Variability ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Utility Managers ◽  
The Impact

Sustainable water management relies on the ability to control operating cost which relies in turn on a working knowledge of factors which can affect this ability. The impact of water volume on operating cost is investigated for water utilities using data from the International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) online database. Econometric models are estimated for water utilities located in Albania, Moldova, Brazil, Zambia, Kazakhstan, and Russia. Estimations provide similar quantitative findings and identical qualitative findings across locales. Results suggest that expected operating cost is inelastic with respect to water volume and that operating cost variability increases with water volume. Implications of these findings are that (1) current world-wide strategies to promote water conservation may necessitate an increase in the expected per unit cost of water supply and (2) policies framed as incentives for short-run cost efficiency may need to recognize the difficulty of reducing expected operating cost at existing output levels and that utility managers may face added difficulty in controlling cost if efficiency is pursued by expanding volume.

scholarly journals A comparison of anthropogenic and elephant disturbance on Acacia xanthophloea (fever tree) populations in the Lowveld, South Africa

Koedoe ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Botha ◽  
E.T.F. Witkowski ◽  
C.M. Shackleton
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbance ◽  
National Park ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Medicinal Species ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stem Damage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Severe Disturbance

Acacia xanthophloea (the ‘fever tree’) is a popular medicinal species that is traded widely in South Africa. Although it occurs throughout southern Africa, there is increasing pressure on its riverine and marshy habitats. This study compares the impact of harvesting on an A. xanthophloea population located on private land near Komatipoort, Mpumalanga, with two protected populations situated within the Kruger National Park. The densities of the harvested and protected populations were similar (84±8 trees/ha and 85±20 trees/ha, respectively). There were fluctuations in the quotients between frequencies of trees in successive diameter classes, which is common in savanna where high levels of fire, mega-herbivore and anthropogenic disturbance are experienced. The extent of stem damage (stripping of bark and breakage) by elephants in the protected area was significantly higher than the extent of harvesting on private land, although the degree of damage was relatively low, with only 7 % of the populations having been damaged at rates >26 %. The degree of harvesting on private land was relatively low, with the majority of trees having been harvested at rates of less than 10 % of the stem below 2 m. Despite this, ringbarking had occurred (4 %). The basal diameters and heights were significantly lower in the protected population than in the harvested one, suggesting that over time elephant impact was the more severe disturbance. Acacia xanthophloea exhibited high resilience to disturbance, with all the elephant damaged trees and harvested individuals surviving. However, the mean bark thickness measured in local markets (6.3±1.4 mm) was significantly lower than that measured in either the harvested (12.4±1.0 mm) or the KNP (10.3±0.8 mm) populations. As harvesters tend to select the largest individuals in a population to maximise their financial returns, this could mean that smaller individuals are being harvested, and/or bark is not being given sufficient time to grow back after harvesting. Acacia xanthophloea outside protected areas thus need to be monitored and the management improved, preferably in conjunction with the resource users. In addition, traditional healers, those selling medicinal plants and other members of the community need to continue to be encouraged to cultivate this fast growing species.

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