scholarly journals EFFECT OF COMPRESSOR CARGO SUCTION PRESSURE AND TANK PRESSURE ON THE LENGTH OF THE RELIQUEFACTION PROCESS ON LPG/C GRIYA BORNEO

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-818
Author(s):  
Bambang Sumali ◽  
April Gunawan ◽  
Larsen Barasa ◽  
Rika Desy Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Suction Pressure ◽  
Cargo Handling ◽  
Loading Process ◽  
Tank Pressure

LPG / C Griya Borneo is a gas vessel with a semi-pressurized type, where the supporting components in the form of cargo handling equipment have a very big influence on the success and safety of ship operations. This is important to note because when the ship will carry out the loading process, the load temperature must be in accordance with the boiling point. High temperatures on ammonia loads can increase the pressure in the tank so that it exceeds the specified pressure limits and ammonia loads that have high temperatures need to be reliquefaction. In addition, the compressor compressor suction pressure that does not work in accordance with what is expected to affect the reliability process. This resulted in the reliquefaction process being longer than usual. The long reliquefaction process results in more fuel being used so that it costs a lot. Therefore the writer makes a thesis related to the problems experienced by the ship owned by PT Humpuss Transportasi Kimia aims to find out how much influence the compressor compressor suction pressure and tank pressure on the process of reliquefaction on the LPG / C Griya Borneo ship, the place where the authors practice.

Cromwell Mortimer, F. R. S. ( c . 1698-1752) and the invention of the metalline thermometer for measuring high temperatures

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-135 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Fourth Degree ◽  
The Third ◽  
Upper Limit

Although the liquid-in-glass thermometer came into use either in the last decade of the sixteenth or during the early years of the seventeenth century (1), it was not until the eighteenth century that reproducible scales of temperature were established, arising from the work of Fahrenheit (2), Reaumur (3) and Celsius (4). So far as eighteenth-century chemists were concerned, the upper limit of temperature to which the liquid-in-glass thermometer could be used was set by the boiling point of mercury, at that time assumed to be 600 °F (5). In the latter half of the seventeenth century any temperatures attained in chemical operations could be indicated only by reference to a scale comprising some seven ‘degrees of heat’. In the middle to upper ranges, for example, to quote from Glaser’s The Compleat Chymist , the third ‘degree’ was that of hot ashes; the fourth ‘degree’ was that of hot sand, and the fifth that of hot iron filings; the sixth ‘degree’ was attained in the closed reverberatory charcoal fire, and the seventh and highest ‘degree’ was the ‘Flaming-Fire or Fire of Fusion’, made with wood or charcoal (6).

scholarly journals V. On the measurement of high temperatures

1828 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Great Degree ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Chemical Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Uniform Expansion ◽  
Important Branch

If all the experiments had been recorded, which at different times must undoubtedly have been made on the subject of Pyrometry, by those engaged in operations requiring the accurate management of fire, the catalogue would consist principally of abortive attempts, if not of decided failures. The efforts to obtain exact measurements of high temperatures have probably been abandoned, partly from the occurrence of unforeseen difficulties, partly from the uncertainty of the results obtained: such, at least, appears to be the only way of accounting for the blank presented in this interesting and practically important branch of chemical knowledge. In the admeasurement of the lower portions of the scale of temperature, and the determination of the proper methods of graduation, and the laws of expansion, gaseous tension, &c. a great degree of accuracy has been introduced. To the extent of the boiling point of mercury, indeed, we have tolerably exact values of the dilatation of metals and fluids; and by Messrs. Dulong and Petit’s experiments, the table has been extended to the irregularities of the thermometric indications of several substances, compared with the supposed uniform expansion of air, or of any other gas in a dry state.

scholarly journals IX. On the solubility of salts in water at high temperatures

1883 ◽  
Vol 35 (224-226) ◽  
pp. 345-346 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Melting Points ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Metallic Salts

This paper contains an account of experiments made with the view of determining the solubility of salts in water at temperatures above the boiling point of water. They were originally undertaken with the object of further investigating the anomalies presented by sulphate of soda, but the method adopted was afterwards applied to many other metallic salts, and the paper presents an account of determinations so made, together with a discussion of the theoretical bearing of the results. The main conclusion arrived at is that solubility is directly related to fusibility. Of the salts operated upon some habitually crystallise with water of crystallisation, others habitually in the anhydrous state. When the latter are written down in the order of their melting points, beginning with the most fusible, it is observed that increase of solubility consequent upon a given rise of temperature above 100° C., is greatest in the most fusible, least in the least fusible, and all the cases observed follow this rule in regular order. If the results are represented graphically, taking for abscissæ the degrees of temperature and for ordinates the quantity of salt dissolved in 100 parts of water, it is at once seen that the higher the melting point the more nearly do the curves so constructed approach a straight line. The relation is illustrated by the case of the chloride, bromide, and iodide of potassium, the solubilities of which at all observed temperatures follow the order of the melting points. Also in comparing together two such salts as chlorate and chloride of potassium, the solubilities and melting points of which are as follows, the curves cutting each other at 100°.

scholarly journals II. On the solubility of salts in water at high temperatures

1884 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Saturated Solution ◽  
Upward Direction

The experiments of which an account is given in the following paper originated in a desire to investigate further the remarkable anomalies which have been observed in the solubility of sulphate of sodium in water. It appears to have been first discovered by Gay Lussac (Ann. Chim. Phys., xi., 313) that whilst the solubility of this salt in water increases rapidly with rise of temperature above zero, it attains a maximum at 33° or thereabouts, and above that temperature diminishes till the boiling point (about 103°) of the saturated solution is reached. On referring, however, to the curve of solubility for this salt traced by Gay Lussac, or to the numbers published many years afterwards by Löwel (Ann. Chim. Phys. [3], xlix., 32), it will be seen that the rate of decrease of solubility, though at first rapid, soon slackens, and the descending curve becomes nearly parallel with the axis of the abscissae representing temperatures. It appeared probable that if the solubility of sulphate of sodium could be traced through a range of higher temperatures, the solubility would be found once more to increase, and the curve resume an upward direction.

scholarly journals The latent heat of vaporization of benzene at temperatures above the boiling point

1927 ◽  
Vol 115 (770) ◽  
pp. 88-102 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Chem Phys ◽  
Heat Of Vaporization ◽  
P 75 ◽  
Latent Heat Of Vaporization ◽  
Made In

The progress made in developing the molecular theory of matter in the liquid state has been retarded by the circumstance that the experimental data, available for the purpose of testing theoretical conclusions, are scanty. For such a purpose the latent heat of the vapour of a suitable liquid would be particularly useful. Numerous formulae expressing the latent heat of vapours at high temperatures as a function of two or more of the physical constants of the vapour and liquid have been proposed. Some of the references to the best known of these are- Bakker (ʻZ. f. Physik. Chem.,’ vol. 18, p. 519, 1895); Crompton (ʻProc. Chem. Soc.,’ vol. 17, p. 61, 1901); Mills (‘J. Phys. Chem.,’ vol. 6, p. 209, 1902); Dieterici (‘Ann. d. Physik,’ vol. 35, p. 220,1911; vol. 62, p. 75, 1920); Lewis (ʻPhil. Mag.,’ vol. 25, p. 61, 1913); Appleby and Chapman (ʻJ. Chem. Soc.,’ p. 734, 1914); Partington (ʻZ. f. Physik. Chem.,’ vol. 88, p. 29, 1914); Albertosi (ʻJ. Chem. Phys.,’ vol. 13, p. 379, 1915); Hammick (ʻPhil. Mag.,’ vol. 41, p. 21, 1921); Thompson (ʻChem. News,’ vol. 123, p. 204, 1921); Mortimer (ʻJ. Am. Chem. Soc.,’ vol. 44, p. 1429, 1922).

scholarly journals The Economics of Using Mechanical Vapor Recompression Evaporators to Concentrate Orange Juice

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry R. Kelso ◽  
Charles M. Rowan ◽  
Kenneth L. Holladay
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Orange Juice ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Multiple Effect ◽  
Vapor Recompression

Evaporators using Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) have been operating successfully in various food industries for several years. Growing concern over fuel availability and rising energy costs has created an interest in the feasibility of applying this technology to citrus processing. There are several problems, however, inherent to concentrating orange juice, which make the economical application of MVR evaporation difficult. These include the short processing season, appreciable boiling point rise of the concentrated juice, and the quality problems associated with long residence times and high temperatures. One possible approach is to operate the compressor under vaccum, use the MVR unit as a preconcentrator, and finish the concentration in a standard multiple-effect evaporator. Two versions of this system, each with a different pre-concentration level, were compared to TASTE evaporators. An analysis showed that if the economy ratio, pounds of water evaporated per pound of steam, for the TASTE evaporator was greater than 3. 5, then the payback period for an MVR system would be greater than 6 years. As the economy ratio for the TASTE evaporator decreases, the payback for the MVR system improves. Paper published with permission.

Computations of Temperature Profiles in the Medium/Low-level Waste Cement and in the Rock Salt Surrounding the Disposal Cavern

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Hauser ◽  
E. Smailos ◽  
R. Köster
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Product Temperature ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Below Ground

Prior to disposal of cemented medium level waste and low level waste in large caverns 1000 m below ground it is important to know what temperatures will be caused by heat generation in the waste product. During the disposal period the heat produced by hydration of the cement used as the binder as well as by decaying radionuclides in the waste may give rise to inadmissibly high temperatures in the waste product resulting in a deterioration of the produc:t qualities. To avoid such undesirable processes, a maximum permissible product temperature of 90°C was specified for the investigations, i.e. a temperature that is significantly below the boiling point of the water contained in the cemented product.

In situ REM imaging of surface processes on ceramic bulk crystals from 300 to 1670 K in a conventional TEM

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 660-661
Author(s):  
Z. L. Wang ◽  
J. Bentley
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Atomic Processes ◽  
Crystal Surfaces ◽  
Beam Radiation ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reflection Electron Microscopy ◽  
Gas Reactions

Studying the behavior of surfaces at high temperatures is of great importance for understanding the properties of ceramics and associated surface-gas reactions. Atomic processes occurring on bulk crystal surfaces at high temperatures can be recorded by reflection electron microscopy (REM) in a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) with relatively high resolution, because REM is especially sensitive to atomic-height steps.Improved REM image resolution with a FEG: Cleaved surfaces of a-alumina (012) exhibit atomic flatness with steps of height about 5 Å, determined by reference to a screw (or near screw) dislocation with a presumed Burgers vector of b = (1/3)<012> (see Fig. 1). Steps of heights less than about 0.8 Å can be clearly resolved only with a field emission gun (FEG) (Fig. 2). The small steps are formed by the surface oscillating between the closely packed O and Al stacking layers. The bands of dark contrast (Fig. 2b) are the result of beam radiation damage to surface areas initially terminated with O ions.

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