The Status of Surface Water in West Tripura District, India: An Approach by Using Water Quality Index and Multivariate Statistical Technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Biplab Roy ◽  
Ajay Kumar Manna
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Entropy Weighted

The present investigation provides a better interpretation of surface water (rivers, ponds, bills, lakes, etc.) quality utilising entropy weighted water quality index (EWWQI) and different multivariate statistical techniques. Eleven physicochemical parameters including alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), calcium (Ca), turbidity, magnesium (Mg), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl-), and iron (Fe) were analysed and monitored at 23 sampling sites (in December 2018) of West Tripura district. Experimental outcomes of turbidity followed by Fe contamination exceeded recommended WHO standard limit. The maximum values of Fe and turbidity were estimated as 8.745 mg/L and 797.7 NTU, respectively. WQI values confirmed that most of the monitoring locations had poor water quality except three reported areas (S7, S14, and S15) but without Fe and turbidity, estimated WQI confirmed drinkable water condition for entire samples. Multivariate statistical approaches like correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were applied to explore water quality. PCA outcomes recognised three principal factors explaining almost 85% of the total variance. CA investigated three major clusters of 23 sampling sites namely less polluted, highly polluted and moderately polluted zone. Confirming all above, the surface water at the monitoring locations is a major concern which may lead to serious health issues in local people.

Geochemical and multivariate assessment of water quality in the Rajarani Lake, Dhankuta, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
Ramesh Raj Pant ◽  
Barsha Adhikari ◽  
Upendra Baral ◽  
Suraj Shrestha ◽  
Shristi Neupane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Major Cations ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Major Anions ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

The Himalayan freshwater lakes embody treasure of the country, crystal-clear nature of which offers water for drinking, irrigation and other domestic purposes, and provides shelter to numerous species, preserve aquatic biodiversity and habitat of the area. Freshwater lake is one of the major sources of livelihood amenities in Nepal and replenishes groundwater, positively influence the quality of downstream watercourses. In the present study, 20 water samples were collected from different points of Rajarani Lake, and analyzed for water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), oxygen-reduction potential (ORP), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO),total hardness (TH), major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ and NH4+) and major anions (HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, and PO43-). The acquired data were interpreted using multivariate statistical technique with principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) to evaluate controlling factors and characteristics of sampling locations in the lake.PCA results demonstrated major three factors contributing to water quality in lake with a 73.89% of cumulative variance. Similarly, CA results characterized sampling locations into four clusters indicating differentiation in the chemical concentrations. Results of the assessment through PCA, CA and comparison with other Himalayan lakes indicated that Rajarani Lake is not severely affected by pollution because it is still unexplored and thus pristine in nature. This study suggests that water quality of lake environments needs to be further investigated, focusing on depth-wise and temporal levels for its sustainability.

scholarly journals Assessment of Anwai river water quality using the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) in Delta State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 913-922
Author(s):  
Kate Isioma Iloba ◽  
Nelson Owese Akawo ◽  
Perry Irouoghene Godwin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Weighted Arithmetic

The weighted arithmetic water quality index method was used to assess the water quality of anthropogenically-laden Anwai-river within the Asaba-capital territory of Delta State, Nigeria, in Stations 1(Otulu), 2(Isele- asagba) and 3(Anwai-Asaba) using pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, phosphates, nitrates, total hardness (TH) and coliforms, to determine its water quality status and its suitability for humans and aquatic biota. Aside from TDS, turbidity, and TH, other parameters such as pH (5.3-8.2), DO (2.0-2.8 mg/L), BOD (1.02-2.4 mg/L), EC (110-113 µS/cm), turbidity(2.3-5.2 NTU), TDS (8.0-16.0 mg/L), TH (30-62 mg/L), phosphates (0.13-0.28 mg/L), nitrates (0.05-0.27 mg/L) and Coliform (25.75-45.5 cfu/ml) indicated non-significant variableness (p>0.05) between Stations. Water depth, TDS, turbidity, TH, phosphate, nitrate and total coliform were significant contributors to the Anwai-river's water quality by Principal component analysis (PCA). The first principal component (PC1) exhibited 94.1% variance and a 0.1860 loading factor, while the second showed 5.9% variance and 0.0117 loading factor implying depth, flooding, excessive human activities and sewage disposal as important contaminants. Although the individual physiochemical-based water qualities were below the WHO recommended drinking water values translated into poor water quality by the weighted arithmetic water quality index at the three Stations; 86.83, 75.02 and 81.27 in Station's 1, 2 and 3 respectively, correspondingly poor to very poor based on Water quality index. The water of Anwai-river is a serious health threat to humans and aquatic organisms and thus, it should not be utilized untreated.

Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods and Water Quality Index for the Evaluation of Surface Water Quality in the Cunas River Basin, Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Henry Dominguez Franco ◽  
María Custodio ◽  
Richard Peñaloza ◽  
Heidi De la Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Ccme Wqi

Watershed management requires information that allows the intervention of possible sources that affect aquatic systems. Surface water quality in the Cunas river basin (Peru) was evaluated using multivariate statistical methods and the CCME-WQI water quality index. Twenty-seven sampling sites were established in the Cunas River and nine sites in the tributary river. Water samples were collected in two contrasting climatic seasons and the CCME-WQI was determined based on physicochemical and bacteriological parameters. The PCA generated three PC with a cumulative explained variation of 78.28 %. The generalised linear model showed strong significant positive relationships (p < 0.001) of E. coli with Fe, nitrate, Cu and TDS, and a strong significant negative relationship (p < 0.001) with pH. Overall, the CCME-WQI showed the water bodies in the upper reaches of the Cunas River as good water quality (87.07), in the middle reaches as favourable water quality (67.65) and in the lower reaches as poor water quality (34.86). In the tributary, the CCME-WQI showed the water bodies as having good water quality (82.34).

scholarly journals Assessment of surface water quality in relation to water quality index of tropical lentic environment, Central Gujarat, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiren B Soni ◽  
Sheju Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Human Consumption

The present study involved the determination of surface water quality index of tropical sacred wetland viz. Dakor Pilgrimage Wetland (DPW), Central Gujarat, India. The main aim of the study was to evaluate various water quality parameters to draw-out the water quality index for an assessment of a tropical aquatic body. The monthly values of pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium Hardness (Ca), Magnesium Hardness (Mg), Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Sodium, and Potassium, were analyzed to compute water quality index (WQI). The results manifest that WQI at site 1 (D1) was maximum (161.74), followed by D2 (159.96), and minimum at site 3 (D3) (157.19). The values clearly depicts that quality of water is completely unfit for human consumption unless and until strict and mandatory steps are taken to rejuvenate it. The suggestive measures to improve the overall health of an aquatic body is also discussed herewith alongwith conservation measures and management strategies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9952 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(1) 2014: 168-176

scholarly journals MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES OF WATER QUALITY IN TIGRIS RIVER WITHIN BAGHDAD CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Noor Q. Ahmed ◽  
Karim R. Gubashi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Tigris River ◽  
Diyala River

This study was conducted to assess the water quality of Tigris River within Baghdad city by using Weighted Arithmetic model. The studay area included five sites: Thiraa-Tigris (S1), Al-Muthana bridge (S2), Al-Shuhadaa bridge (S3), Al-Doraa (S4) and confluence point of the Diyala river (S5). Ten water quality parameters were used in this study, Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen Ion concentration (pH), Chloride (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Nitrate (NO3), Sodium (Na), Boron (B), Turbidity (TUR) and Sulfate (SO4). Statistical analysis such as correlation and regression coefficient using the statistical program SPSS was used to evaluate the results of the water quality index as well as to find a relationship between the water quality index and the variables. Several statistical methods, Factor Analysis (FA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Time Series Analysis assess parameters affecting water quality during the study period (August-December) 2019. The results showed Poor to Unsuitable quality index in Tigris River at Baghdad city except for Al-Muthna Bridge (S2) was grade good quality index during the time. From the analysis, that the worst water quality index was found at confluence place of Diyala River (S5) and grade unsuitable quality index.

scholarly journals Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index (WQI) under GIS framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Ram ◽  
S. K. Tiwari ◽  
H. K. Pandey ◽  
Abhishek Kumar Chaurasia ◽  
Supriya Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Granite Gneiss ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Anthropogenic Contamination ◽  
Quality Of Water

AbstractGroundwater is an important source for drinking water supply in hard rock terrain of Bundelkhand massif particularly in District Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh, India. An attempt has been made in this work to understand the suitability of groundwater for human consumption. The parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, copper, manganese, silver, zinc, iron and nickel were analysed to estimate the groundwater quality. The water quality index (WQI) has been applied to categorize the water quality viz: excellent, good, poor, etc. which is quite useful to infer the quality of water to the people and policy makers in the concerned area. The WQI in the study area ranges from 4.75 to 115.93. The overall WQI in the study area indicates that the groundwater is safe and potable except few localized pockets in Charkhari and Jaitpur Blocks. The Hill-Piper Trilinear diagram reveals that the groundwater of the study area falls under Na+-Cl−, mixed Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl− and Ca2+-$${\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ HCO 3 - types. The granite-gneiss contains orthoclase feldspar and biotite minerals which after weathering yields bicarbonate and chloride rich groundwater. The correlation matrix has been created and analysed to observe their significant impetus on the assessment of groundwater quality. The current study suggests that the groundwater of the area under deteriorated water quality needs treatment before consumption and also to be protected from the perils of geogenic/anthropogenic contamination.

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