scholarly journals Abnormal Electrocardiographic Effects of Tricyclic Antidepressants

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-13
Author(s):  
Huraira Hanif ◽  
Razia Iqbal ◽  
Sadia Sidra Aziz ◽  
Syeda Iman Fatima ◽  
Izzah Butt
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Sodium Channels ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressants ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
Electrophysiological Effects

The paper aims to review ECG and effects of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA) on ECG. ECG is the recording of the electrical conductivity of heart made by placing electrodes on the body. Antidepressants have lethal neurological and cardiovascular effects in depressive persons. TCA can cause abnormalities in the ECG pattern. It affects the conduction rate and slows the heart beat by blocking sodium channels that cause the elongation of QST complex which leads to abnormalities. QT is prolonged if > 440ms in men and > 460ms in women. Due to TCA, QT > 500ms that causes abnormalities. Brugada syndrome is also obtained by exposure to TCA. Doxepin slows down the conduction rate in patients with major depressive disorders. TCA causes symptomatic A-V blockage in patients with preexisting cardiovascular diseases. Desipramine and Immipramine cause sudden death in 6-9 years old children due to an overdose of these drugs. Antidepressants such as Agomelatine, Paroxetine, Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors cause cardiac deformities in patients as well as pregnant women. Abnormality in ECG tells us about problems in the rhythmicity of heart. ECG can be used for the assessment of drugs that have electrophysiological effects.

scholarly journals Genetic correlations between pain phenotypes and depression and neuroticism

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Meng ◽  
Mark J. Adams ◽  
Parminder Reel ◽  
Aravind Rajendrakumar ◽  
Yu Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Shared Genetic

Abstract Correlations between pain phenotypes and psychiatric traits such as depression and the personality trait of neuroticism are not fully understood. In this study, we estimated the genetic correlations of eight pain phenotypes (defined by the UK Biobank, n = 151,922–226,683) with depressive symptoms, major depressive disorders and neuroticism using the the cross-trait linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) method integrated in the LD Hub. We also used the LDSC software to calculate the genetic correlations among pain phenotypes. All pain phenotypes, except hip pain and knee pain, had significant and positive genetic correlations with depressive symptoms, major depressive disorders and neuroticism. All pain phenotypes were heritable, with pain all over the body showing the highest heritability (h2 = 0.31, standard error = 0.072). Many pain phenotypes had positive and significant genetic correlations with each other indicating shared genetic mechanisms. Our results suggest that pain, neuroticism and depression share partially overlapping genetic risk factors.

scholarly journals To evaluate the efficacy of Brahmi Ghrita in the management of Vishada (depression)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pravin Mali
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
The Subject

Depressed mood, helplessness, worthlessness and hopelessness were the symptoms present in more than 95% of the subjects. 33 subjects displaying the symptoms of Vishada (Depression) within the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Subjects with suicidal tendencies, other psychiatric disorders, major depressive disorders, and pregnant women were excluded. A dose of 6 grams of Brahmi  Ghrita was given twice a day. The effect of the therapy was assessed using Hamilton’s Depression Rating Scale, and Self prepared. Rating Scale of Vishada, based on the scoring achieved by the subject before and after treatment. The result of the study can be summarized as follows - the overall effect of the therapy proves that after thirty days of treatment many symptoms of depression decrease in magnitude, with statistical significance. The drugs present in Brahmi  Ghrita are Srotoshodhaka  and medhya (purify the channels of the body and improves intellectual ability), Vatanulomaka ( corrects the direction of the flow of vata), Vatahara (reduce the level of Vata present in the body), and stimulant in nature. These properties inherently remove the avarana of Kapha and act on Vata. At this juncture, we can conclude that Brahmi  Ghrita has good results in managing Vishada (Depression), within thirty days of treatment.

scholarly journals Genetic correlations between pain phenotypes and depression and neuroticism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Meng ◽  
Mark J Adams ◽  
Ian J Deary ◽  
Colin NA Palmer ◽  
Andrew M McIntosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Knee Pain ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Hip Pain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Shared Genetic

AbstractCorrelations between pain phenotypes and psychiatric traits such as depression and the personality trait of neuroticism are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to identify whether eight pain phenotypes, depressive symptoms, major depressive disorders, and neuroticism are correlated for genetic reasons. Eight pain phenotypes were defined by a specific pain-related question in the UK Biobank questionnaire. First we generated genome-wide association summary statistics on each pain phenotype, and estimated the common SNP-based heritability of each trait using GCTA. We then estimated the genetic correlation of each pain phenotype with depressive symptoms, major depressive disorders and neuroticism using the the cross-trait linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) method integrated in the LD Hub. Third, we used the LDSC software to calculate genetic correlations among pain phenotypes. All pain phenotypes were heritable, with pain all over the body showing the highest heritability (h2=0.31, standard error=0.072). All pain phenotypes, except hip pain and knee pain, had significant and positive genetic correlations with depressive symptoms, major depressive disorders and neuroticism. The largest genetic correlations occurred between neuroticism and stomach or abdominal pain (rg=0.70, P=2.4 x 10−9). In contrast, hip pain and knee pain showed weaker evidence of shared genetic architecture with these negative emotional traits. In addition, many pain phenotypes had positive and significant genetic correlations with each other indicating shared genetic mechanisms. Pain at a variety of body sites is heritable and genetically correlated with depression and neuroticism. This suggests that pain, neuroticism and depression share partially overlapping genetic risk factors.

scholarly journals The Role of HPA Axis and Allopregnanolone on the Neurobiology of Major Depressive Disorders and PTSD

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5495
Author(s):  
Felipe Borges Almeida ◽  
Graziano Pinna ◽  
Helena Maria Tannhauser Barros
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
Cortisol Release

Under stressful conditions, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis acts to promote transitory physiological adaptations that are often resolved after the stressful stimulus is no longer present. In addition to corticosteroids (e.g., cortisol), the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone, 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) participates in negative feedback mechanisms that restore homeostasis. Chronic, repeated exposure to stress impairs the responsivity of the HPA axis and dampens allopregnanolone levels, participating in the etiopathology of psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MDD and PTSD patients present abnormalities in the HPA axis regulation, such as altered cortisol levels or failure to suppress cortisol release in the dexamethasone suppression test. Herein, we review the neurophysiological role of allopregnanolone both as a potent and positive GABAergic neuromodulator but also in its capacity of inhibiting the HPA axis. The allopregnanolone function in the mechanisms that recapitulate stress-induced pathophysiology, including MDD and PTSD, and its potential as both a treatment target and as a biomarker for these disorders is discussed.

scholarly journals Development of a Nomogram for Predicting Depression in the Elderly Using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 among a Nationwide Sample of Korean Elderly

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 645
Author(s):  
Haewon Byeon
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Subjective Health Status ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Moderate Intensity Physical Activity ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders

This cross-sectional study developed a nomogram that could allow medical professionals in the primary care setting to easily and visually confirm high-risk groups of depression. This study analyzed 4011 elderly people (≥60 years old) who completed a health survey, blood pressure, physical measurement, blood test, and a standardized depression screening test. A major depressive disorder was measured using the Korean version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). This study built a model for predicting major depressive disorders using logistic regression analysis to understand the relationship of each variable with major depressive disorders. In the result, the prevalence of depression measured by PHQ-9 was 6.8%. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the major depressive disorder of the elderly living alone was significantly (p < 0.05) related to monthly mean household income, the mean frequency of having breakfast per week for the past year, moderate-intensity physical activity, subjective level of stress awareness, and subjective health status. The results of this study implied that it would be necessary to continuously monitor these complex risk factors such as household income, skipping breakfast, moderate-intensity physical activity, subjective stress, and subjective health status to prevent depression among older adults living in the community.

scholarly journals Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of depressive symptoms, dysthymia and major depressive disorders among homeless people

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e040061
Author(s):  
Getinet Ayano ◽  
Asmare Belete ◽  
Bereket Duko ◽  
Light Tsegay ◽  
Berihun Assefa Dachew
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders

ObjectivesTo assess the global prevalence estimates of depressive symptoms, dysthymia and major depressive disorders (MDDs) among homeless people.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesDatabases including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were systematically searched up to February 2020 to identify relevant studies that have reported data on the prevalence of depressive symptoms, dysthymia and MDDs among homeless people.Eligibility criteriaOriginal epidemiological studies written in English that addressed the prevalence of depressive problems among homeless people.Data extraction and synthesisA random-effect meta-analysis was performed to pool the prevalence estimated from individual studies. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were employed to compare the prevalence across the groups as well as to identify the source of heterogeneities. The Joanna Briggs Institute’s quality assessment checklist was used to measure the study quality. Cochran’s Q and the I2 test were used to assess heterogeneity between the studies.ResultsForty publications, including 17 215 participants, were included in the final analysis. This meta-analysis demonstrated considerably higher prevalence rates of depressive symptoms 46.72% (95% CI 37.77% to 55.90%), dysthymia 8.25% (95% CI 4.79% to 11.86%), as well as MDDs 26.24% (95% CI 21.02% to 32.22%) among homeless people. Our subgroup analysis showed that the prevalence of depressive symptoms was high among younger homeless people (<25 years of age), whereas the prevalence of MDD was high among older homeless people (>50 years of age) when compared with adults (25–50 years).ConclusionThis review showed that nearly half, one-fourth and one-tenth of homeless people are suffering from depressive symptoms, dysthymia and MDDs, respectively, which are notably higher than the reported prevalence rates in the general population. The findings suggest the need for appropriate mental health prevention and treatment strategies for this population group.

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