scholarly journals The Role of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-26
Author(s):  
Muneeza Munir ◽  
Shabir Hussain ◽  
Rubi Anwar ◽  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
Jigar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Bone Allograft ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Silver Nps ◽  
Bone Inflammation

Nanotechnology is involved in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. It has shown a good role in regenerating, restoring and repairing damaged body parts, such as the heart, lungs and blood vessels. Nanoparticles (NPs) are helpful in osteoblasts formation and also used in the treatment of bone inflammation, skin infections, tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Parkinson’s disease, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. They also assist the anti-inflammatory drugs in penetrating the skin. Platinum nanoparticles (NP) are used in bone allograft and dentistry while silver NPs possess an excellent potential against viruses, fungi and bacteria. For diagnostic purposes, nanoparticles are mostly used in the form of nanorobots, microchips and biosensors. Quantum dots give information about the tumor; the gold nano-particles are ideal to detect the antibodies of hepatitis and also for RNA and DNA delivery. Nanomaterials play an important role in the management of plant diseases and the activation of their defense mechanisms. The NPs of copper and silver are directly toxic to microorganisms while those of zinc, silicon, manganese, copper and boron have a function in host defense as a fertilizer and alter the nutritional status of the crop. Enzyme-based biosensors coated with Ti, Cu, Ag or Au-NPs greatly enhance the sensitivity of diagnostic probes for the detection of plant infections. The nano-Zn products have been effectively used to control viral, fungal, phytoplasma or bacterial diseases in crop plants. Nanoparticles are also used in packing edible food films.

Inflammatory disease of the womans reproductive system: modern trends in diagnosis and therapy (literature review)

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
T Yu Pestrikova ◽  
I V Yurasov ◽  
E A Yurasova
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Pelvic Organs ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches

Medical, social and economic relevance of inflammatory diseases of the woman's reproductive organs requires a very careful attitude to the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. The number of patients with genital infections and inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs can takes the first place in structure of gynecological morbidity, and is 60.4-65.0%, and this fact is not unique to Russia, but all over the world. Incidence rate of inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs in the first decade of the twenty-first century is increased at 1.4 times in patients who are from 18 to 24 years old and at 1.8 times in patients aged 25-29 years. At the same time, the cost of diagnosis and treatment has increased, reaching 50-60% of the total cost of providing gynecological care for population. The inflammatory diseases of pelvic organs are a collective concept. It includes of various nosological forms. There are numerous contradictions in the views on diagnostic approaches and treatment tactics, the nature of screening and control over the long-term results of treatment, the etiological and pathogenetic significance of various microorganisms found in the genital tract in patients with inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs. Currently, there are many opinions among specialists about diagnostic approaches and treatment tactics, the type of screening and monitoring the long-term results of treatment, the etiological and pathogenetic role of various microorganisms which can be found in the genital tract in patients with inflammatory diseases. This review presents the results of a modern approach to the diagnosis, management and rehabilitation of patients with inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs.

scholarly journals Microfluidic Tools for Enhanced Characterization of Therapeutic Stem Cells and Prediction of Their Potential Antimicrobial Secretome

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Pasquale Marrazzo ◽  
Valeria Pizzuti ◽  
Silvia Zia ◽  
Azzurra Sargenti ◽  
Daniele Gazzola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Prospective Application ◽  
Therapy Strategies ◽  
Stromal Stem Cells ◽  
Different Sources

Antibiotic resistance is creating enormous attention on the development of new antibiotic-free therapy strategies for bacterial diseases. Mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) are the most promising candidates in current clinical trials and included in several cell-therapy protocols. Together with the well-known immunomodulatory and regenerative potential of the MSC secretome, these cells have shown direct and indirect anti-bacterial effects. However, the low reproducibility and standardization of MSCs from different sources are the current limitations prior to the purification of cell-free secreted antimicrobial peptides and exosomes. In order to improve MSC characterization, novel label-free functional tests, evaluating the biophysical properties of the cells, will be advantageous for their cell profiling, population sorting, and quality control. We discuss the potential of emerging microfluidic technologies providing new insights into density, shape, and size of live cells, starting from heterogeneous or 3D cultured samples. The prospective application of these technologies to studying MSC populations may contribute to developing new biopharmaceutical strategies with a view to naturally overcoming bacterial defense mechanisms.

scholarly journals Nepetoidin B from Salvia plebeia R. Br. Inhibits Inflammation by Modulating the NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways in Macrophage Cells

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1208
Author(s):  
Mina Kim ◽  
Ji Yeong Kim ◽  
Hee Sun Yang ◽  
Jeong-Sook Choe ◽  
In Guk Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Factor Α

Salvia plebeia has been used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases, as well as colds and bronchitis. Macrophages have antioxidant defense mechanisms to cope with the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced as part of the immune response. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 pathway in inflamed macrophages is an appealing target due to its protective effect against ROS-induced cell damage. In this study, nepetoidin B (NeB) was first isolated from S. plebeia and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NeB reduced pro-inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. In the NeB-treated group, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels were significantly higher, and ROS expression decreased. By activating Nrf2 signaling, NeB enhanced HO-1 expression. Furthermore, when the cells were pretreated with tin protoporphyrin (an HO-1 inhibitor), the anti-inflammatory effects of NeB were reduced. Therefore, NeB may activate the Nrf2/ HO-1 pathway. These results reveal the NeB isolated from S. plebeia exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating NF-κB signaling and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

scholarly journals The actin cytoskeleton mediates transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum by the carrot psyllid

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poulami Sarkar ◽  
Svetlana Kontsedalov ◽  
Galina Lebedev ◽  
Murad Ghanim
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Citrus Greening Disease ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Vector Borne

Several vector-borne plant pathogens have evolved mechanisms to exploit and hijack vector host cellular, molecular and defense mechanisms for their transmission. Over the past few years, Liberibacter species, which are transmitted by several psyllid vectors, have become an economically important group of pathogens that devastated the citrus industry and caused tremendous losses to many other important crops worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions of Liberibacter species with their psyllid vectors are poorly studied. Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) associated with important vegetable diseases is transmitted by the carrot psyllid, Bactericera trigonica in a persistent manner. Here, we elucidated the role of B. trigonica Arp2/3 protein complex, which plays a major role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, in the transmission of CLso. CLso co-localized with ArpC2, a key protein in this complex, and this co-localization strongly associated with actin filaments. Silencing the psyllid ArpC2 disrupted the co-localization and the dynamics of F-actin. Silencing RhoGAP21 and Cdc42, which act in the signaling cascade leading to upregulation of Arp2/3 and F-actin bundling, also showed similar results. On the other hand, silencing ArpC5, another component of the complex, did not induce any significant effects on F-actin formation. Finally, ArpC2 silencing caused 73.4% reduction in CLso transmission by psyllids, strongly suggesting that its transmission by B. trigonica is cytoskeleton-dependent and it interacts with ArpC2 to exploit the intracellular actin nucleation process for transmission. Targeting this unique interaction could lead to developing a novel strategy for the management of Liberibacter-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE Plant diseases caused by vector-borne pathogens are responsible for tremendous losses and threaten some of the most important agricultural crops. A good example is the citrus greening disease caused by bacteria of the genus Liberibacter and transmitted by psyllids, and has devastated the citrus industry in the US, China and Brazil. Here we show that the psyllid-transmitted Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) employs the actin cytoskeleton of psyllid gut cells, specifically the ArpC2 protein in the Arp2/3 complex of this system, for movement and transmission in the vector. Silencing ArpC2 dramatically influenced interaction of CLso with the cytoskeleton and decreased the bacteria transmission to plants. This system could be targeted for developing a novel approach for the control of Liberibacter- associated diseases.

scholarly journals Silicon control of bacterial and viral diseases in plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nachaat Sakr
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Physical Defense ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Current Review

AbstractSilicon plays an important role in providing tolerance to various abiotic stresses and augmenting plant resistance against diseases. However, there is a paucity of reports about the effect of silicon on bacterial and viral pathogens of plants. In general, the effect of silicon on plant resistance against bacterial diseases is considered to be due to either physical defense or increased biochemical defense. In this study, the interaction between silicon foliar or soil-treatments and reduced bacterial and viral severity was reviewed. The current review explains the agricultural importance of silicon in plants, refers to the control of bacterial pathogens in different crop plants by silicon application, and underlines the different mechanisms of silicon-enhanced resistance. A section about the effect of silicon in decreasing viral disease intensity was highlighted. By combining the data presented in this study, a better comprehension of the complex interaction between silicon foliar- or soil-applications and bacterial and viral plant diseases could be achieved.

Autoimmunity: Break-through in the diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 162 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans G.M. Kroese ◽  
Dominique Baeten ◽  
Tom W.J. Huizinga
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Immune Mediated

scholarly journals Viral-derived complement inhibitors: current status and potential role in immunomodulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 242 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Abou-El-Hassan ◽  
Hassan Zaraket
Keyword(s):  
Complement System ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Complement Proteins ◽  
Complement Inhibitors ◽  
Autoimmune And Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
The Complement System

The complement system is one of the body’s major innate immune defense mechanisms in vertebrates. Its function is to detect foreign bodies and promote their elimination through opsonisation or lysis. Complement proteins play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of several disorders. However, excessive complement activation does not confer more protection but instead leads to several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. With inappropriate activation of the complement system, activated complement proteins and glycoproteins may damage both healthy and diseased tissues. Development of complement inhibitors represents an effective approach in controlling dysregulated complement activity and reducing disease severity, yet few studies have investigated the nature and role of novel complement inhibitory proteins of viral origin. Viral complement inhibitors have important implications in understanding the importance of complement inhibition and their role as a promising novel therapeutic approach in diseases caused by dysregulated complement function. In this review, we discuss the role and importance of complement inhibitors derived from several viruses in the scope of human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of IL-33 in Host Response toCandida albicans

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rodríguez-Cerdeira ◽  
A. Lopez-Bárcenas ◽  
B. Sánchez-Blanco ◽  
R. Arenas
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Beneficial Role

Background. Interleukin (IL) 33 is a recently identified pleiotropic cytokine that influences the activity of multiple cell types and orchestrates complex innate and adaptive immune responses.Methods. We performed an extensive review of the literature published between 2005 and 2013 on IL-33 and related cytokines, their functions, and their regulation of the immune system followingCandida albicanscolonization. Our literature review included cross-references from retrieved articles and specific data from our own studies.Results. IL-33 (IL-1F11) is a recently identified member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. Accumulating evidence suggests a pivotal role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in host immune defense against fungal pathogens, includingC. albicans. IL-33 induces a Th2-type inflammatory response and activates both innate and adaptive immunity. Studies in animal models have shown that Th2 inflammatory responses have a beneficial role in immunity against gastrointestinal and systemic infections byCandidaspp.Conclusions. This review summarizes the most important clinical studies and case reports describing the beneficial role of IL-33 in immunity and host defense mechanisms against pathogenic fungi. The finding that the IL-33/ST2 axis is involved in therapeutic target has implications for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases, including acute or chronic candidiasis.

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