scholarly journals Free Recall Trial 5

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Trial

The Manipulation and Measurement of Task-specific Memory Self-Efficacy in Younger and Older Adults

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gardiner ◽  
Mary A. Luszcz ◽  
Janet Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recall Trial ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Before And After

Task-specific memory self-efficacy (TSMSE) was experimentally manipulated through provision of information about task difficulty, to determine its effect on free recall for 56 older (age 63-86) and 56 younger (age 16-25) adults. The implications of using prediction-based measures of TSMSE were addressed. After completing one recall trial of a list of 20 words, half the participants were told a second list comprised more difficult words; the others were told the second list would be similar to the first they had received. Free recall and TSMSE were measured before and after this manipulation. The manipulation reduced TSMSE for participants expecting a harder list of words, but not differently for younger compared with older adults. Younger and older adults’ recall declined at the second recall trial, but there was no difference between those expecting a harder list and those expecting a similar list. Recall was predicted by domain-specific memory self-efficacy as well as a traditional measure of TSMSE. The study demonstrated the malleability of memory self-efficacy, but called into question assertions about its salience as a mediator of older adults’ poorer memory performance.

scholarly journals Free Recall Trial 1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Trial

Differences between Early-Blind, Late-Blind, and Blindfolded-Sighted People in Haptic Spatial-Configuration Learning and Resulting Memory Traces

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5441 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1253-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Postma ◽  
Sander Zuidhoek ◽  
Matthijs L Noordzij ◽  
Astrid M L Kappers
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Peripersonal Space ◽  
Recall Trial ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Stimulus Frame

The roles of visual and haptic experience in different aspects of haptic processing of objects in peripersonal space are examined. In three trials, early-blind, late-blind, and blindfolded-sighted individuals had to match ten shapes haptically to the cut-outs in a board as fast as possible. Both blind groups were much faster than the sighted in all three trials. All three groups improved considerably from trial to trial. In particular, the sighted group showed a strong improvement from the first to the second trial. While superiority of the blind remained for speeded matching after rotation of the stimulus frame, coordinate positional-memory scores in a non-speeded free-recall trial showed no significant differences between the groups. Moreover, when assessed with a verbal response, categorical spatial-memory appeared strongest in the late-blind group. The role of haptic and visual experience thus appears to depend on the task aspect tested.

Output Conditions and Retroactive Inhibition in Categorized Free Recall

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne H. Decker
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Recall Trial ◽  
Retroactive Inhibition ◽  
The Difference

Cueing on both study and recall trials has previously been found to reduce retroactive inhibition in free recall when words from nonrepeated categories appear on the two lists. Strong cues presented only at output were expected to be sufficient to reduce retroactive inhibition. Cueing was expected to reduce the difference between separate and simultaneous recall of two lists by facilitating list differentiation during separate recall. 84 undergraduates were given either a cued or uncued recall trial after learning two lists containing both repeated and nonrepeated categories without cues. List 1 was recalled simultaneously with List 2 or separately. Cued recall was greater than uncued, more nonrepeated category words than repeated were recalled, and cueing was more effective with nonrepeated category words than repeated. No differences as a function of recall test were obtained. The findings add to the mixed results obtained in comparisons of simultaneous and separate recall.

Interference and the Persistence of Articulatory Responses

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harris Winitz ◽  
Betty Bellerose
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Recall Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Phonological Interference ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
And Control

An experimental test of the effect of phonological interference on short-term recall was conducted using non-English phonological sequences which were easily pronounceable. Subjects were normal speaking and normal hearing third-grade English speaking children. Experimental subjects produced the phonologically inadmissible [3a], [u′mÎ], [vε], and control subjects produced the phonologically allowable [d3a], [u′mî], [ve i ]. Following a retention interval of 30 sec, one free recall trial was administered. Experimental subjects correctly recalled significantly less often than control subjects, suggesting that phonological rules can effect a decrement in short-term recall for phonetic units which are easy to pronounce.

Clustering and Sequential Ordering in Multitrial Free Recall as a Function of Meaningfulness

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 783-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf R. Abramczyk
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
And Performance

A 15-item CVC list representing 3 categories of meaningfulness (M), High, Medium and Low, was learned for 16 alternating presentation-free-recall trials under conditions of either Immediate (I), or Delayed (D) recall. In the D Condition, a 30-sec. task-filled interval preceded each recall trial. Substantial organization in recall showing both M clustering and sequential ordering occurred primarily in the D Condition. Recall was higher and more stable in the D than in the I Condition. The Low M category was most prominent in contributing to condition differences in recall strategies and performance. Condition differences were attributed to the greater use by I than D Ss of short-term recall strategies. Two possible sources for discriminating the M of a CVC were discussed: (a) the size of its associative hierarchy and (b) its similarity to a word.

Die Entwicklung des strategischen Gedächtnisses im Laufe der Grundschulzeit

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hünnerkopf ◽  
Veronika Kron-Sperl ◽  
Wolfgang Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Serial Learning

Zusammenfassung. Es werden Ergebnisse der Würzburger Längsschnittstudie dargestellt, in der der Entwicklungsverlauf des strategischen Gedächtnisses vom letzten Kindergartenjahr bis zum Ende der vierten Klasse in halbjährigem Abstand untersucht wurde. Für eine Stichprobe von ca. 100 Kindern konnte das in der Münchner LOGIK-Studie gefundene Muster des sprunghaften Strategieerwerbs für die Sortierstrategie bestätigt werden, während sich bei der Wiederholungsstrategie kein bedeutsamer Unterschied in der Art des Strategieerwerbs zeigte. Der kombinierte Gebrauch von Sortier- und Wiederholungsstrategie brachte Vorteile bei der Abrufleistung der Sort-Recall-Aufgabe, nicht aber der Serial Learning-Free-Recall-Aufgabe. Für zukünftige Forschungsarbeiten wird der Einsatz einer Aufgabe zur Untersuchung der Strategieentwicklung empfohlen.

Limitations to the Spacing Effect

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen ◽  
Remy M. J. P. Rikers ◽  
Henk G. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Phase Retrieval ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Spacing Effect ◽  
Word List ◽  
Intentional Learning ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Learning Condition

Abstract. The spacing effect refers to the finding that memory for repeated items improves when the interrepetition interval increases. To explain the spacing effect in free-recall tasks, a two-factor model has been put forward that combines mechanisms of contextual variability and study-phase retrieval (e.g., Raaijmakers, 2003 ; Verkoeijen, Rikers, & Schmidt, 2004 ). An important, yet untested, implication of this model is that free recall of repetitions should follow an inverted u-shaped relationship with interrepetition spacing. To demonstrate the suggested relationship an experiment was conducted. Participants studied a word list, consisting of items repeated at different interrepetition intervals, either under incidental or under intentional learning instructions. Subsequently, participants received a free-recall test. The results revealed an inverted u-shaped relationship between free recall and interrepetition spacing in both the incidental-learning condition and the intentional-learning condition. Moreover, for intentionally learned repetitions, the maximum free-recall performance was located at a longer interrepetition interval than for incidentally learned repetitions. These findings are interpreted in terms of the two-factor model of spacing effects in free-recall tasks.

Articulatory Rehearsal Is More Than Refreshing Memory Traces

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoji Nishiyama ◽  
Jun Ukita
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Study Item ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Serial Position Curves

This study examined whether additional articulatory rehearsal induced temporary durability of phonological representations, using a 10-s delayed nonword free recall task. Three experiments demonstrated that cumulative rehearsal between the offset of the last study item and the start of the filled delay (Experiments 1 and 3) and a fixed rehearsal of the immediate item during the subsequent interstimulus interval (Experiments 2 and 3) improved free recall performance. These results suggest that an additional rehearsal helps to stabilize phonological representations for a short period. Furthermore, the analyses of serial position curves suggested that the frequency of the articulation affected the durability of the phonological representation. The significance of these findings as clues of the mechanism maintaining verbal information (i.e., verbal working memory) is discussed.

ADHD reflects impaired externally directed and enhanced internally directed attention in the immediate free-recall task.

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley S. Gibson ◽  
M. Karl Healey ◽  
Dawn M. Gondoli
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Directed Attention
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