scholarly journals Protection of Animals in the Constitutions of the European Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-189
Author(s):  
Szilvia Vetter ◽  
László Ózsvári ◽  
Anita Boros
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Constitutional Protection ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Constitutional Level ◽  
As Species ◽  
Individual Protection

The aim of the study is to examine how animal protection, especially that of animal specimens, is included in the European constitutions. San Marino and the United Kingdom have no classical, written constitutions, hence, a total of 42 European constitutions were studied. Animals typically appear in the constitution as species that, as part of nature and the environment, must be conserved in order to preserve biodiversity. There are only a few constitutions in Europe that reflect a narrowly defined approach to animal protection. According to this, animals as individuals must be protected because of their intrinsic value. The research has shown that 14% (6 countries) of the European countries examined contain both species and specimen protection provisions in their constitutions. The vast majority, 69% (29 countries) included only animal species protection provisions in the constitution. 17% (7 countries) of the European constitutions do not contain a provision based on any of the criteria. Only Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Sweden and Switzerland have provisions for individual protection of animals at constitutional level. In Switzerland, a unique legal institution, the “dignity of animals” was given constitutional protection.

Zmiany dochodowości gospodarstw mlecznych w Polsce i wybranych krajach europejskich należących do Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Producentów Mleka w latach 2006–2012

2015 ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
Sylwia Małażewska ◽  
Edyta Gajos
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
National Market ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the article was to present the changes in the profitability of milk production in farms associated in EDF and situated in Poland and selected European countries in 2006–2012. It was found that after the Polish accession to the EU, the situation has improved for milk producers – economic and production results have risen. In 2008–2009, there was a significant deterioration in the profitability of milk production due to, among others, significant declines in milk prices. Since 2010, gradual improvement of the situation is observed. Similar changes occur in dairy farms in other European countries, such as Germany, France and the United Kingdom. This shows how big the interconnectedness between countries is and that the situation of agricultural producers in Poland does not depend only on the local and national market fluctuations, but primarily on fluctuations in the European and global markets.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Latin America: a first glance to the mortality

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nubia Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Death Toll ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Latin American Countries

It is too early to know which will be the final death toll from the Covid-19 or SARS-CoV-2 virus epidemy in Latin America since the epidemy is still active and we will not know when it will end. The curve for new infections and deaths has not reached yet a peak (Figure 1). In addition, we know little about the epidemiology of this new virus. The daily litany of the number of people infected with the number of admissions to hospitals and intensive care units and the number of deaths guides health authorities to plan health services and politicians to gauge the degree of confinement necessary to control the transmission of the virus, but it says little about the magnitude of the problem if we do not relate it to the population at risk. At the end of the pandemic, we will be able to estimate age-standardized death rates for the different countries, but until then the crude death rates will provide a first glance or snapshot of the death toll and impact of the pandemic from March to May 2020. These rates are well below those estimated in other countries in Europe and North America: Belgium (82.6), Spain (58.0), the United Kingdom (57.5), Italy (55.0), France (42.9), Sweden (41.4), and the US (30.7). (Johns Hopkins CSSE, May 30, 2020). However, in the European countries and the US the number of deaths has reached a peak, while this is not the case in Latin American countries. (Figure 1). It should be taken into account that the above rates are crude and therefore, some of the differences could be due to the fact that European countries have a larger proportion of the population over 70 years of age in whom higher mortality rates have been reported.

scholarly journals Analysis on the participation of the main sovereign wealth funds in European listed companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
L. Gómez-Pavón Durán
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Home Country ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Company Size ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Sovereign Wealth Funds ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
The One

The aim of this study is to conduct an analysis of the investment made by the fifteen largest sovereign wealth funds on listed European companies. The analysis is divided into two sections: a descriptive one and a statistical one. The methodology used for this purpose consisted of mining data from Orbis database and running a binomial logistic regression. The main results show that, in the first place, the Norwegian fund is the one that invests in a larger amount of companies and European countries. Another significant result indicates that the United Kingdom is the country that receives the most investment. Finally, the results lead also to the conclusion that, concerning investing, sovereign wealth funds are influenced by a set of factors such as company size, profitability, and leverage, whereas the company’s home country and the economic sector it belongs are not determining factors.

scholarly journals A comparison of coronavirus disease 2019 and seasonal influenza surveillance in five European countries: France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Bricout ◽  
Rigoine de Fougerolles Thierry ◽  
Joan Puig-Barbera ◽  
Georges Kassianos ◽  
Philippe Vanhems ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
The United Kingdom

Background: In response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak that unfolded across Europe in 2020, the World Health Organisation called for repurposing existing influenza surveillance systems to monitor COVID-19. This analysis aimed to compare descriptively the extent to which influenza surveillance systems were adapted and enhanced, and how COVID-19 surveillance could ultimately benefit or disrupt routine influenza surveillance. Methods: We used a previously developed framework in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom to describe COVID-19 surveillance and its impact on influenza surveillance. The framework divides surveillance systems into 7 sub-systems and 20 comparable outcomes of interest, and uses 5 evaluation criteria based on WHO guidance. Information on influenza and COVID-19 surveillance systems were collected from publicly available resources shared by European and national public health agencies. Results: Overall, non-medically attended, virological, primary care and mortality surveillance were adapted in most countries to monitor COVID-19, whilst community, outbreak, and hospital surveillance were reinforced in all countries. Data granularity improved, with more detailed demographic and medical information recorded. A shift to systematic notification for cases and deaths enhanced both geographic and population representativeness whilst the sampling strategy benefited from the roll out of widespread molecular testing. Data communication was greatly enhanced, contributing to improved public awareness. Conclusions: Well-established influenza surveillance systems are a key component of pandemic preparedness and their upgrade allowed European countries to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, uncertainties remain on how both influenza and COVID-19 surveillance can be jointly and durably implemented.

scholarly journals Update of Clostridium difficile infection due to PCR ribotype 027 in Europe, 2008

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (31) ◽  
Author(s):  
E J Kuijper ◽  
F Barbut ◽  
J S Brazier ◽  
N Kleinkauf ◽  
T Eckmanns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Positive Type ◽  
Ribotype 027 ◽  
High Relapse Rate ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Pcr Ribotype 027 ◽  
Highly Virulent

Outbreaks of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) with increased severity, high relapse rate and significant mortality have been related to the emergence of a new, hypervirulent C. difficile strain in North America and Europe. This emerging strain is referred to as PCR ribotype 027 (Type 027). Since 2005, individual countries have developed surveillance studies about the spread of type 027. C. difficile Type 027 has been reported in 16 European countries. It has been responsible for outbreaks in Belgium, Germany, Finland, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom (England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland). It has also been detected in Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Hungary, Poland and Spain. Three countries experienced imported patients with CDI due to Type 027 who acquired the infection abroad. The antimicrobial resistance pattern is changing, and outbreaks due to clindamycin-resistant ermB positive Type 027 strains have occurred in three European countries. Ongoing epidemiological surveillance of cases of CDI, with periodic characterisation of the strains involved, is required to detect clustering of cases in time and space and to monitor the emergence of new, highly virulent clones.

The Demography of CAPD in Europe

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Wing ◽  
R Moore ◽  
FP Brunner ◽  
C Jacobs ◽  
P Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
End Stage Renal Failure ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
National Programmes ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
End Stage

Five per cent of European patients on therapy for end stage renal failure and reported to the EDTA Registry were treated by CAPD on 31st December, 1982. The percentage varied between 12.7% in the United Kingdom to less than 1% in Eastern European countries. In the total area covered by the Registry (population 574 millions) 5.6 patients pmp commenced CAPD during 1982. Commencements reached 18.9 pmp in Switzerland, 17.4 pmp in the United Kingdom and 9.8 pmp in Italy. National programmes of CAPD fulfil different roles in the pattern of RRT and select different populations of patients. Therefore comparisons of the results achieved have not been made.

scholarly journals Metaphors of corruption in the news media coverage of seven European countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Bratu ◽  
Iveta Kažoka
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
News Media ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Practices

This article explores the symbolic dimension of corruption by looking at the metaphors employed to represent this phenomenon in the media across seven different European countries (France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Romania, Slovakia and the United Kingdom) over 10 years (2004–2014). It focuses on the media practices in evoking corruption-related metaphors and shows that corruption is a complex phenomenon with unclear boundaries, represented with the use of metaphorical devices that not only illuminate but also hide some of its attributes. The article identifies and analyses the metaphors of corruption by looking at their sources and target domains, as well as unpacking the contexts in which media evoke corruption-related metaphors.

scholarly journals Where Does Multinational Investment Go with Territorial Taxation? Evidence from the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-358
Author(s):  
Li Liu
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Investment Rate ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Unique Dataset

In 2009, the United Kingdom changed from a worldwide to a territorial tax system, abolishing dividend taxes on foreign repatriation from many low-tax countries. This paper assesses the causal effect of territorial taxation on real investments, using a unique dataset for multinational affiliates in 27 European countries and employing the difference-in-differences approach. It finds that the territorial reform has increased the investment rate of UK multinationals by 16.7 percentage points in low-tax countries. In the absence of any significant investment reduction elsewhere, the findings represent a likely increase in total outbound investment by UK multinationals. (JEL F23, G31, H25, H32, H87)

14. European Politics into the Future

2021 ◽  
pp. 256-269
Author(s):  
Catherine E. De Vries ◽  
Sara B. Hobolt ◽  
Sven-Oliver Proksch ◽  
Jonathan B. Slapin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
European Politics ◽  
Democratic Deficit ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
European Democracy ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores recent changes in European politics and looks to the future for European democracy as it stands now. The chapter explores the ongoing political change that can be seen within European countries and also at the European Union (EU) level. It aims to highlight four important debates about the state of democracy in Europe. These are: the debates about the rise of political fragmentation and its consequences for democracy; democratic backsliding in central and eastern Europe; the impact of the United Kingdom leaving the EU on democracy; and the democratic deficit in EU politics.

Article 198 TFEU

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitry Kochenov
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Member States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Special Relations

Article 182 EC The Member States agree to associate with the Union the non-European countries and territories which have special relations with Denmark, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. These countries and territories (hereinafter called the ‘countries and territories’) are listed in Annex II.

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