scholarly journals Tye’s Theory of the Unconceptual Content of the Perceptual Mental States

Discourse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
A. I. Ponomarev
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Nonconceptual Content ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Third ◽  
Philosophy Of Perception ◽  
Cognitive Research

Introduction. In modern philosophy of perception, the issue of the content of perceptual mental states is actively discussed, in particular the possibility of nonconceptual content is one of the most significant problem. Usually conceptual activity is attributed to thinking, and perception is intended to be non-conceptual. Such an approach may deprive perception of opportunity to serve as a basis for judgment. The paper analyzes Tye’s theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states, which does not deprive the perception of its epistemological function.Methodology and sources. Methodologically, the research work is based on philosophical analysis of modern theories of perception and results of cognitive research.Results and discussion. In accepted terminology, the content of perceptual mental states can be of three types: conceptual, non-conceptual detailed (fine-grained) and nonconceptual coarse (coarse-grained). Tye's position is that perceptual mental states have only the third kind of content. This approach faces a number of objections that are presented in this paper. The analysis of objections shows their surmount ability, thus, it can be concluded that the Tye’s position of nonconceptual content can be considered as reasonable. The main result of the presented research is the presentation of additional grounds for the theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states.Conclusion. The problem of the content of perceptual mental states is crucial for understanding the epistemological role of perception. The theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states provides new insights into perception.

scholarly journals Piezoelectric characterization of lead-free ferroelectric ceramics

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Pardo ◽  
Alvaro García ◽  
Klaus Brebøl ◽  
Lavinia Curecheriu ◽  
Liliana Mitoseriu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sol Gel ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Experimental Spectrum ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Ferroelectric Ceramics ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Accuracy Test

The challenge to develop high piezoelectric sensitivity and lead-free composition ferro-piezoelectric ceramics has recently dragged new attention to some classic ferroelectrics. Here, Ba(CexTi1-x)O3 (Ce-BT) and 0.94(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-0.06BaTiO3 (BNBT6) ceramics were piezoelectrically characterized from measurements of complex impedance at electromechanical resonances and their analysis by Alemany et al. software. The reconstruction of the spectra for each resonance is used as an accuracy test of the set of calculated coefficients, quantitatively characterized by the regression factor (R2) of such reconstruction to the experimental spectrum. Piezoelectric activity at room temperature (RT) was observed for Ce-BT with x=0.06 and 0.1, ferroelectrics with T(?'max)>RT, but also for x=0.2 with T(?'max)<RT, which confirms its relaxor character (Ps?0 for T?T(?'max)). BNBT6 fine grained ceramics (~1 ?m) were prepared from nanopowder obtained by sol-gel autocombustion. Results obtained for the fine grained ceramic hot-pressed at 800?C for 2 h and recrystallized at 1050?C for 1 h are d33=148 pCN-1 and kp=26.8%. Despite of its lower grain size, the properties of this material are comparable with those reported for coarse grained ceramics obtained by sintering at T>1100?C. Some measurement issues, as the role of the mode coupling on the characterization results, illustrated for the shear mode of a thickness poled plate, are discussed.

Observations on brucite formation and the role of brucite in Iowa highway concrete deterioration

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyomin Lee ◽  
Robert D. Cody ◽  
Anita M. Cody ◽  
Paul G. Spry
Keyword(s):  
Cement Paste ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Coarse Aggregates ◽  
Concrete Deterioration ◽  
Direct Precipitation

Abstract Iowa highway concretes containing reactive dolomite, (CaMg) 2 CO 3 , aggregate, composed of fine-grained, microporous dolomite, sometimes have service lives of less than 10 years. This premature deterioration may, in part, be caused by expansive forces created by newly formed minerals such as brucite, Mg (OH) 2 , in the cement paste as a result of dedolomitization of reactive dolomite coarse aggregate. Although calcite is the most abundant secondary mineral in cements of poorly-performing concretes, the present study found no evidence that it was expansionary. Brucite is common but less abundant than calcite and occurred chiefly in and near the margins of reactive dolomite in both the aggregate and cement paste of poorly-performing concretes. Most brucite occurs in partially dedolomitized rims around dolomite coarse aggregates. This type of brucite is widely disseminated through the rims, consists of extremely small (<1 m) microcrystalline masses, and was produced by direct precipitation from pore solutions. Smaller amounts of brucite occur in the cement paste. This type is relatively coarse-grained (10 mu m-20 mu m) and most was formed primarily by crystal surface mediated (topochemical) reactions between magnesium-rich pore solutions and portlandite, Ca(OH) 2 . Numerous microcracks are present in cement paste but are not spatially associated with brucite locations. There is no direct evidence for cracking caused by brucite but this is not conclusive evidence against brucite-induced expansion. Brucite is widely disseminated so that expansion at innumerable micro-locations may cause general concrete expansion which should be relieved by cracking at weaker locations in the concretes.

scholarly journals Are some cultures more mind-minded in their moral judgements than others?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Clark Barrett ◽  
Rebecca Saxe
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Moral Judgements ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Contextual Variability ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Main Effects

Cross-cultural research on moral reasoning has brought to the fore the question of whether moral judgements always turn on inferences about the mental states of others. Formal legal systems for assigning blame and punishment typically make fine-grained distinctions about mental states, as illustrated by the concept of mens rea, and experimental studies in the USA and elsewhere suggest everyday moral judgements also make use of such distinctions. On the other hand, anthropologists have suggested that some societies have a morality that is disregarding of mental states, and have marshalled ethnographic and experimental evidence in support of this claim. Here, we argue against the claim that some societies are simply less ‘mind-minded’ than others about morality. In place of this cultural main effects hypothesis about the role of mindreading in morality, we propose a contextual variability view in which the role of mental states in moral judgement depends on the context and the reasons for judgement. On this view, which mental states are or are not relevant for a judgement is context-specific, and what appear to be cultural main effects are better explained by culture-by-context interactions.

The Unity of Perception

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Schellenberg
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenal Character ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Perceptual System ◽  
Perceptual Content ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
The Third ◽  
Invariant Features ◽  
The World

Perception is our key to the world. It plays at least three different roles in our lives. It justifies beliefs and provides us with knowledge of our environment. It brings about conscious mental states. It converts informational input, such as light and sound waves, into representations of invariant features in our environment. Corresponding to these three roles, there are at least three fundamental questions that have motivated the study of perception. How does perception justify beliefs and yield knowledge of our environment? How does perception bring about conscious mental states? How does a perceptual system accomplish the feat of converting varying informational input into mental representations of invariant features in our environment? This book develops a unified account of the phenomenological and epistemological role of perception that is informed by empirical research. So it develops an account of perception that provides an answer to the first two questions, while being sensitive to scientific accounts that address the third question. The key idea is that perception is constituted by employing perceptual capacities—for example the capacity to discriminate instances of red from instances of blue. Perceptual content, consciousness, and evidence are each analyzed in terms of this basic property of perception. Employing perceptual capacities constitutes phenomenal character as well as perceptual content. The primacy of employing perceptual capacities in perception over their derivative employment in hallucination and illusion grounds the epistemic force of perceptual experience. In this way, the book provides a unified account of perceptual content, consciousness, and evidence.

The geometry and emplacement of the Pilanesberg Complex, South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 152 (5) ◽  
pp. 802-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. GRANT CAWTHORN
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Bouguer Gravity ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Third ◽  
Intrusive Rocks ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Original Interpretation ◽  
Ring Dyke

AbstractThe circular 625 km2 alkaline Pilanesberg Complex, South Africa, contains coeval eruptive and several distinctive intrusive syenitic and foyaitic components, concentrically arranged at the surface. However, owing to poor outcrop the relationships between the different intrusive rocks, and their shape in the third dimension cannot be convincingly determined in the field. The original interpretation was a laccolith, whereas later models suggested a funnel shape, and appealed to ring-dyke and cone-sheet emplacement mechanisms. However, the radial widths of these coarse-grained bodies are over 1 km and so cannot have been emplaced as ring dykes or cone sheets, which are usually quite thin and fine grained. Creating the space for emplacement and removal of pre-existing country rocks for each postulated subsequent intrusive event presents a major challenge to this latter hypothesis. Extensive previously published and new field relationships are re-evaluated here to suggest that the body is a gently inward-dipping sheet and that subsequent injections of magma merely pumped up an existing and evolving magma chamber rather than intruded into solid rocks. A Bouguer gravity anomaly model is presented that supports the concept of a shallow, flat-bottomed body rather than one that continues to significant depth. There are many analogies with the Kangerlussuaq Intrusion, Greenland.

scholarly journals Thermo-Structural Evolution of the Val Malenco (Italy) Peridotite: A Petrological, Geochemical and Microstructural Study

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 962
Author(s):  
Wenlong Liu ◽  
Yi Cao ◽  
Junfeng Zhang ◽  
Yanfei Zhang ◽  
Keqing Zong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Localization ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Prograde Metamorphism ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
Serpentinized Peridotite ◽  
Geochemical Study ◽  
Dissolution And Precipitation

The Val Malenco peridotite massif is one of the largest exposed ultramafic massifs in Alpine orogen. To better constrain its tectonic history, we have performed a comprehensive petro-structural and geochemical study. Our results show that the Val Malenco serpentinized peridotite recorded both pre-Alpine extension and Alpine convergence events. The pre-Alpine extension is recorded by microstructural and geochemical features preserved in clinopyroxene and olivine porphyroblasts, including partial melting and refertilisation, high-temperature (900–1000 °C) deformation and a cooling, and fluid-rock reaction. The following Alpine convergence in a supra-subduction zone setting is documented by subduction-related prograde metamorphism features preserved in the coarse-grained antigorite and olivine grains in the less-strained olivine-rich layers, and later low-temperature (<350 °C) serpentinization in the fine-grained antigorite in the more strained antigorite-rich layers. The strain shadow structure in the more strained antigorite-rich layer composed of dissolving clinopyroxene porphyroblast and the precipitated oriented diopside and olivine suggest dissolution and precipitation creep, while the consistency between the strain shadow structure and alternating less- and more-strained serpentinized domains highlights the increasing role of strain localization induced by the dissolution-precipitation creep with decreasing temperature during exhumation in Alpine convergence events.

scholarly journals Are some cultures more mind-minded in their moral judgements than others?

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1838) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Clark Barrett ◽  
Rebecca R. Saxe
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Moral Judgements ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Main Effects

Cross-cultural research on moral reasoning has brought to the fore the question of whether moral judgements always turn on inferences about the mental states of others. Formal legal systems for assigning blame and punishment typically make fine-grained distinctions about mental states, as illustrated by the concept of mens rea , and experimental studies in the USA and elsewhere suggest everyday moral judgements also make use of such distinctions. On the other hand, anthropologists have suggested that some societies have a morality that is disregarding of mental states, and have marshalled ethnographic and experimental evidence in support of this claim. Here, we argue against the claim that some societies are simply less ‘mind-minded’ than others about morality. In place of this cultural main effects hypothesis about the role of mindreading in morality, we propose a contextual variability view in which the role of mental states in moral judgement depends on the context and the reasons for judgement. On this view, which mental states are or are not relevant for a judgement is context-specific, and what appear to be cultural main effects are better explained by culture-by-context interactions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.

scholarly journals Policy analysis in French local government

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Faure ◽  
Emmanuel Négrier
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
Political Policy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Joint Influence

This chapter attempts to ‘deconstruct’ the French territorial question and demonstrate that territorial policy analysis can break free from the limitations imposed by this primarily ‘statist’ conceptual framework.  The first part introduces the scale and nature of current political and administrative territorial structures, and discusses the paucity of academic research work on this subject. The second part analyses changes in the territorial framework of policy building, through an evolution from vertical to horizontal dialectic of powers and capacities. The third part focuses on territorialisation as the result of a double process: the evolving role of ideas in territorial policy building and dynamics of differentiation. In the conclusion, it argues that the joint influence of professionalization, pluralisation and differentiation prefigures an original political/policy model of democracy between institutionalisms and culturalisms.

scholarly journals Petrography, microthermometry, and isotopy of the gold veins from Vetas, Santander (Colombia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Sonia Rojas Barbosa ◽  
Juan Carlos Molano ◽  
Thomas Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Gold Mineralization ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Quartz Veins ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Jurassic Rocks ◽  
Low Sulfidation

The gold mineralization located in Vetas, Santander, consists of auriferous quartz veins hosted in Bucaramanga gneiss rocks, intrusive Jurassic rocks, and intrusive to porphyritic Miocene rocks. This study identified four mineralizing events: (1). Sericite, carbonate (ankerite and calcite?), massive and microcrystalline quartz, sphalerite, adularia, albite, galena, thin pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite. The age for this stage is 10.78 ±0.23Ma (Ar/Ar on sericite). (2). Molybdenite, magnetite with exsolution of ilmenite, As-pyrite, sphalerite, fine-grained pyrite and little chalcopyrite quartz with huge, feathery, fine mosaic, flamboyant and microcrystalline textures and, tourmaline and sericite. (3). Gold and tennantite associated with sphalerite, fine- and coarse-grained pyrite, As-pyrite, chalcopyrite like inclusions, and quartz with flamboyant, mosaic, massive and “comb” textures, and tourmaline. Stage 2 and 3 happened from 7.58 ±0.15 Ma to 6,89±0,41Ma (Ar/Ar on sericite). (4). Thick, thin, and pyrite with arsenic, hematite and microcrystalline quartz (forming breccia texture), and sericite. The age for this stage is 5.24 ±0.10 (Ar/Ar on sericite). Post-mineral: quartz comb, alunite, halloysite, kaolinite, and ferrum hydroxides. The stable isotopes, ∂18O, ∂D, and ∂34S and fluid inclusions analysis infer that fluids were producing a mixture of meteoric and magmatic fluids with low salinity and minimum trapping temperatures between 200°C to 390°C. The mineralogy association, and fluid inclusions, in the first event show characteristic of low sulfidation epithermal. The second stage was hottest and with more magmatic signature over printed an intermediate sulfidation system; show a little more salinity on the fluids and more mineralogical diversity, the third and four events, could show an evolution of this fluid, where it was cooling and impoverishing on metals. Two initials stages are contemporaneous with two magmatic Miocene pulses on the area: the first one of granodiorite composition 10, 9± 0.2 Ma (U/Pb zircon), and the other one rhyodacite with 8.4 ±0.2 y 9.0 ± 0.2 Ma.

scholarly journals Compaction Characteristics and Minimum Void Ratio Prediction Model for Gap-Graded Soil-Rock Mixture

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Sihong Liu ◽  
Yan Feng ◽  
Jidu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Void Ratio ◽  
Particle Breakage ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Inhomogeneous Materials ◽  
Compaction Characteristics ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Compaction Test

Gap-graded soil-rock mixtures (SRMs), composed of coarse-grained rocks and fine-grained soils particles, are very inhomogeneous materials and widely encountered in geoengineering. In geoengineering applications, it is necessary to know the compaction characteristics in order to estimate the minimum void ratio of gap-graded SRMs. In this paper, the void ratios of compacted SRMs as well as the particle breakage during vibrating compaction were investigated through a series of vibrating compaction tests. The test results show that gap-graded SRMs may reach a smaller void ratio than the SRM with a continuous gradation under some circumstances. When the particles in a gap interval play the role of filling components, the absence of them will increase the void ratio of the SRM. The particle breakage of gap-graded SRMs is more prominent than the SRM with continuous gradation on the whole, especially at the gap interval of 5–20 mm. Based on the test results, a minimum void ratio prediction model incorporating particle breakage during compaction is proposed. The developed model is evaluated by the compaction test results and its validation is discussed.

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