scholarly journals Are some cultures more mind-minded in their moral judgements than others?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Clark Barrett ◽  
Rebecca Saxe
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Moral Judgements ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Contextual Variability ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Main Effects

Cross-cultural research on moral reasoning has brought to the fore the question of whether moral judgements always turn on inferences about the mental states of others. Formal legal systems for assigning blame and punishment typically make fine-grained distinctions about mental states, as illustrated by the concept of mens rea, and experimental studies in the USA and elsewhere suggest everyday moral judgements also make use of such distinctions. On the other hand, anthropologists have suggested that some societies have a morality that is disregarding of mental states, and have marshalled ethnographic and experimental evidence in support of this claim. Here, we argue against the claim that some societies are simply less ‘mind-minded’ than others about morality. In place of this cultural main effects hypothesis about the role of mindreading in morality, we propose a contextual variability view in which the role of mental states in moral judgement depends on the context and the reasons for judgement. On this view, which mental states are or are not relevant for a judgement is context-specific, and what appear to be cultural main effects are better explained by culture-by-context interactions.

scholarly journals Are some cultures more mind-minded in their moral judgements than others?

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1838) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Clark Barrett ◽  
Rebecca R. Saxe
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Moral Judgements ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Main Effects

Cross-cultural research on moral reasoning has brought to the fore the question of whether moral judgements always turn on inferences about the mental states of others. Formal legal systems for assigning blame and punishment typically make fine-grained distinctions about mental states, as illustrated by the concept of mens rea , and experimental studies in the USA and elsewhere suggest everyday moral judgements also make use of such distinctions. On the other hand, anthropologists have suggested that some societies have a morality that is disregarding of mental states, and have marshalled ethnographic and experimental evidence in support of this claim. Here, we argue against the claim that some societies are simply less ‘mind-minded’ than others about morality. In place of this cultural main effects hypothesis about the role of mindreading in morality, we propose a contextual variability view in which the role of mental states in moral judgement depends on the context and the reasons for judgement. On this view, which mental states are or are not relevant for a judgement is context-specific, and what appear to be cultural main effects are better explained by culture-by-context interactions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.

scholarly journals Tye’s Theory of the Unconceptual Content of the Perceptual Mental States

Discourse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
A. I. Ponomarev
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Nonconceptual Content ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Third ◽  
Philosophy Of Perception ◽  
Cognitive Research

Introduction. In modern philosophy of perception, the issue of the content of perceptual mental states is actively discussed, in particular the possibility of nonconceptual content is one of the most significant problem. Usually conceptual activity is attributed to thinking, and perception is intended to be non-conceptual. Such an approach may deprive perception of opportunity to serve as a basis for judgment. The paper analyzes Tye’s theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states, which does not deprive the perception of its epistemological function.Methodology and sources. Methodologically, the research work is based on philosophical analysis of modern theories of perception and results of cognitive research.Results and discussion. In accepted terminology, the content of perceptual mental states can be of three types: conceptual, non-conceptual detailed (fine-grained) and nonconceptual coarse (coarse-grained). Tye's position is that perceptual mental states have only the third kind of content. This approach faces a number of objections that are presented in this paper. The analysis of objections shows their surmount ability, thus, it can be concluded that the Tye’s position of nonconceptual content can be considered as reasonable. The main result of the presented research is the presentation of additional grounds for the theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states.Conclusion. The problem of the content of perceptual mental states is crucial for understanding the epistemological role of perception. The theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states provides new insights into perception.

Do consumers react differently to sweatshop allegations on luxury and non-luxury brands? A brand entitativity-based account

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
MdSanuwar Rashid ◽  
Veena Chattaraman
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Implicit Theory ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Luxury Brands ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Reaction ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Southern University ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Perceived brand entitativity, or the extent to which a collection of brands signifies a group to consumers, differentiates luxury vs non-luxury brands such that luxury brands are perceived to be more entitative than non-luxury brands. Framed by the concept of brand entitativity and the implicit theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether this difference in the perceived brand entitativity of luxury and non-luxury brands impacts how consumers respond to sweatshop allegations in context to these brands. Design/methodology/approach Two separate experimental studies employing between-subjects designs were conducted among a total of 162 and 276 student consumers from a Southern university of the USA. The authors operationalized sweatshop allegations at two levels, brand-specific allegations (the stimulus brand itself is accused) and industry-specific allegations (other brands of the same industry are accused) to examine the role that brand entitativity plays in these two types of allegations. Findings Experiment 1 demonstrated that industry-specific allegations hurt consumer attitudes for luxury brands to a greater extent than non-luxury brands, whereas brand-specific allegations hurt non-luxury brands more so than luxury ones. In experiment 2, the authors find that the above results hold true only for consumers who are more prone to social perceptions of entitativity (entity theorists), but not those who represent an incremental mindset (incremental theorists). Practical implications The results can help brand managers understand the negative downstream consequences of brand- and industry-specific allegations for their brand type (luxury vs non-luxury). Originality/value This study fills an important gap in understanding consumer reaction to brands’ sweatshop allegations by addressing the role of consumers’ perceived brand entitativity and how it differs for consumers holding different implicit beliefs.

scholarly journals Microclass immobility during industrialisation in the USA and Norway

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-210
Author(s):  
Dave Griffiths ◽  
Paul S Lambert ◽  
Richard L Zijdeman ◽  
Marco HD van Leeuwen ◽  
Ineke Maas
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Occupational Differences ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Usa

The ‘microclass’ approach advocated by Grusky, Weeden and colleagues emphasises fine-grained occupational differences and their relevance to social reproduction and social mobility. Using recent developments in historical occupational classifications, we adopted a microclass approach to the analysis of intergenerational social mobility using linked census data for Norway and the USA in the late 19th and early 20th century (1850–1910). We describe a procedure that offers an operationalisation of microclass units for these datasets, and show how its application enables us to disentangle different forms of immobility which would not be distinguished in other approaches. Results suggest that microclass immobility is an important part of social reproduction in both Norway and the United States during the era of industrialisation. Both countries reveal a similar balance between ‘big class’ and ‘microclass’ immobility patterns. In Norway, the relative importance of microclasses in social reproduction regimes, when compared to the role of ‘big class’ structures, seems to decline very slightly over the course of industrialisation; but in the USA the relative importance of microclasses seems if anything to increase over the period.

Looking professional: How women decide what to wear with and through automated technologies

2021 ◽  
pp. 135485652110385
Author(s):  
Heather A Horst ◽  
Cherry Baylosis ◽  
Sheba Mohammid
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Body Scanning ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Key Dimensions

From innovations such as virtual fit through 3D body scanning, smart clothes, wearable technology and virtual styling assistants to more mundane capabilities such as digital photography and social media, deciding what to wear and how to wear an item is now accompanied by a range of new information and perspectives. This article examines the sociotechnical systems that support everyday decisions about what to wear, and how this decision-making process is being re-imagined in response to technology. Drawing upon closet ethnographies with women in the USA and Australia, we focus upon the ways in which women make decisions about what will help them to ‘look professional’. Specifically, we attend to two key dimensions of the decision-making process – visions and validations – to understand the ways in which women weigh the opinion of other people, media and technologies, and the real and imagined role of how new technologies such as the Amazon Echo Look may be integrated into this process. Through fine-grained analysis of the ways that women receive, reject or ignore information about their performance of looking professional, we reflect upon the relative importance of different technologies in the process of decision-making.

scholarly journals Development of constructive response to frustration in adolescence using arts-based approaches

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-262
Author(s):  
Elena Yangicher
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Development ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Video Observation ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Experimental Development ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Qualitative Approaches

The article focuses on the problem of the emotional development constructive response in adolescence, which is of increasing relevance within the context of the rise in negative social manifestations, changes in social situation of development. The aim of this research is to formulate a constructive response model’s development to adolescent frustration from socially advantaged and disadvantaged groups using art-based approaches (specifically art therapy) combined with traditional psychological tests and modeling experiments. The study draws on the concepts of L. S. Vygotsky about the peculiarities of adolescents’ mental development and the role of this period in the formation of personality, as well as various aspects of a˙ect and needs development in childhood (L. I. Bozhovich). The study considers the position of mental states as a particular psychological category and their (states) integrating function, conception of the regulation of mental states (N. D. Levitov), theoretical and experimental development for the diagnosis, management, and directed formation of the mental states (Yu. B. Nekrasova) as well as the concept of experiencing (“perezhivanie”) as described by F. E. Vasilyuk. A range of methods, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches were used in the study: video observation (outlined in the protocols); mathematical statistics; tests and modeling experiments. Experimental studies were carried out over a duration of five years within three di˙erent types of schools in the region of Moscow (n= 203, aged 13-15). One conclusion of the experimental studies, the author‘s program was implemented in a number of educational institutions in Moscow and other regions in Russia.

scholarly journals The effect of groups on trust violation and recovery

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-25
Author(s):  
Marcos Paulo Albarello Friedrich ◽  
Kenny Basso ◽  
Lélis Balestrin Espartel ◽  
Vitor Francisco Dalla Corte
Keyword(s):  
Service Failure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Group Polarization ◽  
Negative Behaviors ◽  
Positive Variation ◽  
Hotel Service ◽  
Taxi Service ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Objective: This study explores the effect of groups in client trust violation and consequent recovery. Moreover, the group polarization effect is examined as the mechanism to explain this effect.Method: Two experimental studies were used to test four hypotheses. Each experiment used a different context. Study 1 was based on hotel service, while Study 2 was based on taxi service. We used ANOVA to test the main effects and a mediation analysis to test the role of group polarization.Main results: The presence of a group will enhance the erosion of a client’s trust in cases of failure and increase the effectiveness of the trust recovery attempt. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the manipulation of the number of individuals has a significant effect on the trust violation and recovery and that these relationships are mediated by a group polarization effect.Theoretical contribution: Most trust violation and recovery studies have addressed individual subjects. However, in consumption situations, clients are frequently found to be in groups. Thus, this study highlights how the presence of a group can influence trust violation and recovery.Managerial implications: In the case of client groups, service failure can be expected to have a greater impact on client trust and can be more decisive in creating negative behaviors. To restore trust, it was found that client groups have a higher positive variation of trust than when they are alone, which influences in the efficacy of recovery tactics.

Measurement Invariance of a Universal Behavioral Screener Across Samples From the USA and Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gino Casale ◽  
Robert J. Volpe ◽  
Brian Daniels ◽  
Thomas Hennemann ◽  
Amy M. Briesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
School Based ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Universal Screener ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

Abstract. The current study examines the item and scalar equivalence of an abbreviated school-based universal screener that was cross-culturally translated and adapted from English into German. The instrument was designed to assess student behavior problems that impact classroom learning. Participants were 1,346 K-6 grade students from the US (n = 390, Mage = 9.23, 38.5% female) and Germany (n = 956, Mage = 8.04, 40.1% female). Measurement invariance was tested by multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) across students from the US and Germany. Results support full scalar invariance between students from the US and Germany (df = 266, χ2 = 790.141, Δχ2 = 6.9, p < .001, CFI = 0.976, ΔCFI = 0.000, RMSEA = 0.052, ΔRMSEA = −0.003) indicating that the factor structure, the factor loadings, and the item thresholds are comparable across samples. This finding implies that a full cross-cultural comparison including latent factor means and structural coefficients between the US and the German version of the abbreviated screener is possible. Therefore, the tool can be used in German schools as well as for cross-cultural research purposes between the US and Germany.

The Role of Positive and Negative Affectivity in Healthy and Unhealthy Work-Related Behavior and Experiences

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Hofmann ◽  
Carl-Walter Kohlmann
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Coping Behavior ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Positive Affectivity ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Teacher Students ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Positive And Negative Affectivity

Abstract. Positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA) are basic traits that affect work-related perceptions and behaviors and should be considered in any assessment of these variables. A quite common method to assess healthy or unhealthy types of work-related perceptions and behaviors is the questionnaire on Work-Related Coping Behavior and Experience Patterns (WCEP). However, the association of PA and NA with WCEP remained unclear. In a sample of teachers, physiotherapists, and teacher students ( N = 745; Mage = 35.07, SD = 12.49; 78% females), we aimed to identify the relevance of these basic traits. After controlling for age, gender, and type of occupation, we found main effects of PA and NA, with the specific combination of PA and NA being decisive for predicting the assignment to a WCEP type. The results highlight the need to include PA and NA in future assessments with the WCEP questionnaire.

The role of copper ions in hydrogen peroxide bleaching: Their origin, removal, and effect on pulp quality

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO E.G. LOUREIRO ◽  
SANDRINE DUARTE ◽  
DMITRY V. EVTUGUIN ◽  
M. GRAÇA V.S. CARVALHO
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching ◽  
Metals Removal ◽  
Peroxide Decomposition ◽  
Equipment Corrosion ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Main Effects

This study puts particular emphasis on the role of copper ions in the performance of hydrogen peroxide bleaching (P-stage). Owing to their variable levels across the bleaching line due to washing filtrates, bleaching reagents, and equipment corrosion, these ions can play a major role in hydrogen peroxide decomposition and be detrimental to polysaccharide integrity. In this study, a Cu-contaminated D0(EOP)D1 prebleached pulp was subjected to an acidic washing (A-stage) or chelation (Q-stage) before the alkaline P-stage. The objective was to understand the isolated and combined role of copper ions in peroxide bleaching performance. By applying an experimental design, it was possible to identify the main effects of the pretreatment variables on the extent of metals removal and performance of the P-stage. The acid treatment was unsuccessful in terms of complete copper removal, magnesium preservation, and control of hydrogen peroxide consumption in the following P-stage. Increasing reaction temperature and time of the acidic A-stage improved the brightness stability of the D0(EOP)D1AP bleached pulp. The optimum conditions for chelation pretreatment to maximize the brightness gains obtained in the subsequent P-stage with the lowest peroxide consumption were 0.4% diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), 80ºC, and 4.5 pH.

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