Central bank digital currencies: Potential risks and benefits

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-159
Author(s):  
Elena V. Sinelnikova-Muryleva
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Potential Risks

A growing activity has recently been watched in the sphere of central bank digital currencies (CBDC) creation, dictated by the desire of monetary authorities to increase the efficiency of payment systems and create an alternative to stablecoin projects like Libra. The paper discusses various types of CBCDs. Special attention is paid to potential risks and benefits associated with the emission of CBDCs, as well as their consequences for the banking sector and monetary policy. The first important issue associated with CBDC emission is the potential reduction of the role of the traditional banking system. The second issue is the change in the functioning of the monetary transmission channels as a result of the CBDCs emission. The third problem arises from the fact that in the event of a crisis some economic agents will prefer to transfer their funds from commercial banks to the CBDCs because they are less risky. This situation is expected to lead to instability of balances on deposit accounts in commercial banks. The problems listed are closely interrelated, and the significance and balance of risks and benefits associated with CBDCs emission are not completely obvious. At the same time CBDCs have a potential to become a new effective tool of monetary authorities in case of their proper design.

Swiss sovereign money vote points up bank reform

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Banking Reform ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Monetary Systems ◽  
Bank Reform

Significance The Vollgeld (sovereign money) proposal, which claimed to make the banking system safer by preventing commercial banks creating money through requiring thems to keep 100% of their deposits at the central bank, was complex and economically flawed, However, it attracted anti-system and anti-bank votes and has generated debate in Switzerland and abroad on financial stability and monetary systems. Impacts The Vollgeld idea has never been implemented anywhere, posing uncertainty about economic agents' reactions and the overall impact. The reform, if used to finance budget deficits, would challenge the central bank's independence. Even if the proposal is refined, the power that 'Vollgeld' would give the central bank to determine lending will remain unpopular. Pressure for banking reform and awareness of regulation have risen worldwide since the 2008-09 crisis making other initiatives likely.

scholarly journals Banking sector reforms in Kenya: Progress and challenges

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Sheilla Nyasha ◽  
Nicholas M. Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
African Countries ◽  
High Interest Rate ◽  
The Past

This paper gives an overview of the banking sector in Kenya; it highlights the reforms since the country‟s independence in 1963; it tracks the growth of the banking sector in response to the reforms implemented over the past four decades; and finally, it highlights the challenges facing the banking sector in Kenya. The country‟s banking sector consists of more than 40 commercial banks, with the Central Bank of Kenya, which is the country‟s central bank, at the apex. Since the 1980s, the Kenyan government has implemented a number of banking sector reforms – in order to safeguard and improve the banking sector. The response to these reforms by the banking sector has been varied. As a result of these reforms, there has been a shift in the dominance from the State-owned banks to the private commercial banks. There has also been an improvement in the Central Bank‟s oversight of the financial institutions, and an enforcement of the banks‟ capital-adequacy requirements. By the standards of African countries, Kenya currently has one of the most developed banking systems in Africa. The country has enjoyed a substantial bank-based financial sector development over the years, and its institutional framework has also grown stronger. However, like many other developing countries‟ financial systems, the Kenyan banking system still faces wide-ranging challenges, such as high interest rate spreads and financial inclusion challenges

scholarly journals Reserve assets as sources of replenishing resource base of banking sector and improving its stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Haidar Diphil Shubbar ◽  
Andrey Vladimirovich Girinsky
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Reserve Requirement ◽  
Reserve Requirements

The paper focuses on the importance of using reserve assets in order to increase the bank financial stability and the banking system as a whole. The essential requirements for reserving commercial banks have been presented. The methods of regulating the required reserves have been studied. The specific features of applying the required reserves in banking activities (reserve requirements and liquidity, monetary policy, reserve requirements as a monetary tool, reserve requirements as a fiscal tool) have been revealed. The schedule of averaging periods of required reserves for 2019 is being considered. The general principles which credit organizations are guided by when creating reserves are the following: obligatory availability of reserves for all credit organizations throughout their existence; forming reserves in relation to liabilities to legal entities and individuals; possibility of removing from the list obligations for which reserves have been created. It has been mentioned that the main objectives of the reserve requirement system are to provide banks with sufficient liquidity and to regulate the money supply. Particular attention is paid to the Central Bank as a reserve requirements regulator. In accordance with the changes of the Central Bank of July 1, 2019, the established standards on reserve requirements for deposits in national currency are set at 4%, in foreign currency at 14%. Manipulating the required reserve rate will provide the Central Bank with the opportunity to adjust the liquidity and solvency both of an individual bank and the entire banking system. The method of averaging required reserves includes the possibility for a commercial bank not to transfer reserves to the Central Bank based on a certain sum of money. The averaging coefficient is set at 0.25 to the standard volume of required reserves

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BANKING SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Ra’no Parpieva ◽  
◽  
Nafisa Norboyeva ◽  
Adiba Turayeva
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Impact

This article will serve to select the system required for the effective use of information and communication technologies in the banking system and the impact of national payment systems in the banking sector on modern society, the effective use of new modern information technologies in the system.Study of foreign experience to select information and communication technologies that should be used in modern banks with information and communication technologies in the banking system, which have been used before.

Non-banking financial intermediation and phenomena of shadow money in modern economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1694-1709
Author(s):  
Vladimir K. BURLACHKOV
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Financial Intermediation ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Shadow Banking ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Shadow Banking System ◽  
Lending Activity

Subject. The article addresses the non-banking financial intermediation (shadow banking system) as it is successfully expanding nowadays both in developed countries and emerging economics. Objectives. The study aims at conducting a comprehensive analysis of the specifics of non-banking financial intermediation, revealing its impact on economic agents’ activities, causes and consequences, and elaborating the methodological framework for effectiveness of modern monetary policy. Methods. I employ methods of scientific abstraction, induction, deduction, synthesis, and comparative analysis. Results. In the modern national economy, along with the money, created by the central bank and commercial banks, there are highly liquid financial instruments called shadow money. The scope of its application is shadow banking (financial intermediation) outside the banking system. The use of shadow money is caused by high demand for credit resources. Conclusions. The high activity of shadow banking and increased turnover of shadow money resulted from a transfer to Basel standards of banking regulation in the 1990s, which affected the lending activity of commercial banks. Under these conditions, the demand for loans provided by non-bank credit and financial institutions increased. The market of non-bank credit products was formed. However, the process of lending in the shadow banking is associated with high risks and non-stability of shadow money, widely used in this sphere.

scholarly journals COMPETITION OF TRANSNATIONAL BANKS: MAIN TRENDS AND WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
Надежда Константиновна Савельева ◽  
Татьяна Алексеевна Тимкина
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
International Banking ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The World ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Level Analysis

Статья посвящена проблемам сохранения конкурентных преимуществ коммерческих банков для осуществления финансовых операций на трансграничных рынках. Целью исследования является анализ основных тенденций развития деятельности транснациональных банков в условиях глобализации. Объектом исследования являются мировые лидеры международной банковской сферы. Научная новизна заключается в разработке основных направлений развития банковской системы на международном уровне, результатах анализа опыта лидирующих транснациональных банковских компаний в условиях пандемии The article is devoted to the problems of maintaining the competitive advantages of commercial banks for the implementation of financial transactions in cross-border markets. The aim of the study is to analyze the main trends in the development of the work of transnational banks in the context of globalization. The object of research is the world leaders of the international banking sector. In the process of research, the authors have analyzed theoretical and practical material used in general methods of scientific knowledge and statistical research. Scientific novelty lies in the development of the main directions for the development of the banking system at the international level, analysis of the experience of leading transnational banking companies in the context of a pandemic.

scholarly journals Russia’s banking sector during the pandemic

2022 ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
E. N. Gavrilova
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Graphical Methods ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Good Test ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
The Impact

Quarantine and self-isolation have become a new challenge for the Russian economy, changed many areas of our life, revealed new weaknesses in the banking system and monetary regulation of the economy, and also become a good test for the post-crisis financial system. In this article using a systematic approach to the study of information, analytical and graphical methods the dynamics of the Russian banking sector during the development of the coronavirus pandemic and the specifics of recovery from the crisis have been investigated. The innovations and improvements brought about by the pandemic have been studied. The Central Bank of Russia’s monetary policy instruments used to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on the real economy in general and on the banking sector in particular have been reviewed. The features of anti-crisis measures taken by the monetary authorities in our country have been revealed. 

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE CENTRAL BANK IN THE FUNCTION OF IMPROVEMENT OF LIQUIDITY OF BANKING SECTOR IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Mitrović ◽  
Živko Erceg
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Foreign Banks ◽  
Dayton Agreement ◽  
The Impact

The monetary policy of Bosnia andHerzegovina is rather limited because it is basedon the principles of a currency boardcharacterized by the impossibility of implementingthe basic monetary policy instruments incomparison with the monetary policy of theEuropean Union. However, the constant presenceof European integrations should point the need fora more drastic change in the monetary policy ofBosnia and Herzegovina. By entering theEuropean Monetary Union (EMU), the monetaryterritory of Bosnia and Herzegovina will becomeone of the branches of the European Central Bank(ECB). In addition, it is not difficult to concludewhy the Law about the Central Bank of Bosnia andHerzegovina has been adopted with the first lawsof the Dayton Agreement, if it is known that thelargest part of the banking system, and thereforethe financial market, is owned by foreign banks.This work will point out the significance of theCentral Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as oneof the most important factors for maintaining thepermanent liquidity of the banking sector inBosnia and Herzegovina. The possibilities andlimitations of the Central Bank of Bosnia andHerzegovina will be determined, with theassumption of macroeconomic sustainability overa longer period of time. The need of reforming thebanking system in Bosnia and Herzegovina will beanalyzed through the constant implementation ofthe Basel standards with the increasingparticipation of foreign banks in the Bosnia andHerzegovina. It will be determined the impact ofthe implementation of the Basel III in the bankingindustry in Bosnia and Herzegovina and itsconsequences on the banking and economicsystem.models, on the ways of financing theelimination of adverse consequences of naturaldisasters.

Digital Ruble As an Element of the Digitalization of the Economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
E. Myasnikova ◽  
L. Voskresenskaya
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Excessive Load ◽  
Model C ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the discussion of the prospect of issuing in Russia the digital currency of the Central Bank - the digital ruble. The properties and characteristics of the digital ruble, models of the functioning of the digital currency are considered. The place of the Central Bank in the process of functioning of the platform for the production of digital rudders shown. The main stages of development and implementation of the digital ruble are presented. Expert assessments of the possibilities and consequences of the introduction of the digital ruble are discussed. The impact of the digital ruble of the Central Bank on the financial system and the potential risks of introducing a digital currency are assessed. A comparative analysis of technologies for creating a digital ruble platform been carried out. The strategies of the central banks of various countries in creating models and mechanisms for issuing digital currencies into circulation are considered. Conclusions are made about the prospects for the introduction of the digital ruble in Russia. It noted that the problem of choosing the organization of the circulation of digital currency remains unresolved. Model C creates an excessive load of settlements on the Central Bank; Model D distributes the settlement load among commercial banks, which greatly increases the risks of clients – legal entities and individuals.

Study of Increasing Adoption Trends of Digital Banking and FinTech Products in Indian Payment Systems and Improvement in Customer Services

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-255
Author(s):  
Narinder Kumar Bhasin ◽  
Anupama Rajesh
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Online Payment ◽  
Customer Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
Digital Payments ◽  
The Impact

The objective of massive adaptation of digital payments by the banks with the support of the central bank of any country along with their government agencies is to improve customer services and satisfaction in the online payment systems in place of cashless and paperless payment systems. There are very few researches that have focused to measure the higher customer satisfaction based on factors like trust, risk-free, secure, transparent, accountability of banks, fintech, regulator, and payment system operators. This chapter analyzes the impact of digital banking and fintech in the Indian banking system, initiatives taken by RBI, NPCI, and the government to build the strong trust of customers in online payment systems to ensure improvement in customer services with higher customer satisfaction.

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