scholarly journals TRANSACTION COSTS IN THE STATE REGULATION SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Matskiv ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Public

Transaction costs in the public sector are an understudied topic that can improve the understanding of governance processes within the public authorities and provide criteria for evaluating their effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to outline a certain theoretical framework, in particular the essence and types of transaction costs in the public sector. It is done in order to provide a basis for later empirical research. The author uses the analogy method of transferring existing theoretical findings from the context of the firm to the context of public authorities; the synthesis method in the process of transforming various theoretical concepts that consider the relationship of the state and transaction costs into three basic models of the perception of public authorities; the method of analysis in the process of identifying the various structural components of the transaction costs of public authorities. The results of the investigation allow us to distinguish state and municipal transaction costs within the concept of public transaction costs. All of them contain political, economic and institutional transaction costs. It is proposed to consider internal (constitutive transaction costs and costs of exploitation of the public system) and external (regulatory) transaction costs within the framework of institutional transaction costs. The well-known classifications of transaction costs, which were mainly proposed in relation to the private sector, but can be used in other areas, in particular in relation to public power, are considered: ex ante and ex post costs; explicit and implicit transaction costs; measurable and unmeasurable. It is also suggested to introduce the concepts of single and integral transaction costs. This section provides a new approach to the process of evaluating transaction costs, not only for the public sector, but also for the private sector. The classification of public transaction costs proposed in this study is the basis for later discussions of this topic in academic circles and in the educational process, as well as the basis for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of public transaction costs.

scholarly journals Privatizing Crime Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 679 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Tilley
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Nonstate Actors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Full Responsibility ◽  
Reducing Costs

Crime problems largely result from opportunities, temptations, and provocations that have been provided to offenders unintentionally by those pursuing other private interests. There is a widespread notion that the state and its agencies can and ought to take full responsibility for crime control and that there is, therefore, nothing that nonstate actors can or need to do. In practice, there is little that the state can do directly to address the opportunities, temptations, and provocations for crime; but where crime control responsibilities have been accepted in the private sector, successful measures to reduce opportunities and temptations have been devised and adopted, preventing many crimes and reducing costs that would otherwise fall on the state as well as on victims. This article sets out the reasons why a shift in responsibility for crime prevention from the public to private sector can produce patterns of crime control that are both effective and socially desirable, albeit important roles remain for the public sector in stimulating and supporting such measures.

Public Procurement and Transparency in the Private Sector

2021 ◽  
pp. 176-194
Author(s):  
Tom Brown
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
General Public ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Procurement Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Pay Differences ◽  
United Kingdom Government

This chapter begins by considering public procurement in the context of equality duties. The United Kingdom government has not used the Equality Act 2010’s regulation-making powers to impose specific statutory public procurement equality duties in England, but the Welsh and Scottish Ministers have made such regulations. Equality considerations are nonetheless relevant considerations in a public authority’s public procurement decisions as part of the general public sector equality duty in section 149 of the Act. The extent to which equality can (and should) be taken into account in the public procurement process is also, therefore, relevant to private undertakings which might wish to tender for the provision of goods or services to public authorities. The chapter then addresses the provisions in the Act intended to improve transparency in the private sector by prohibiting clauses which prevent employees discussing their pay. The Act introduced, in section 78, a power to make regulations which would impose a requirement on businesses to report on gender pay differences.

scholarly journals Improving the Mechanisms of Public-Private Partnership

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 242
Author(s):  
Aliya Zyalilevna Minnibaeva ◽  
Irina Yurievna Vaslavskaya ◽  
Irina Alexandrovna Koshkina ◽  
Artur Faridovich Ziyatdinov
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Activity State

Development of the Russian economy causes the growth of public requirements and structural changes connected with it directed to an increase in the efficiency of social and economic tasks solution. Need of partnership of the state and private business development for the solution of problems in the social and economic sphere predetermines by the insufficiency of opportunities of the public (budgetary) financing of investment projects, large-scale and significant for society. The public-private partnership (PPP) acts as one of the modern economic mechanisms allowing realizing the interaction of the state and business. The PPP, on the one side, represents a special form of influence of state authorities and management for the purpose of stimulation of business activity, and with another, acts as the economic mechanism of the solution of social and economic tasks. The article is devoted to the consideration of the public-private partnership mechanism as one of the most modern methods of economic activity state regulation which basis the basic coordination principle of the parties interests and allowing to combine interests and technologies of business. Need and the prospects of further development of mechanisms of state-private partnership on the basis of the state strategic planning are proved. Special attention is paid to the interrelation of development of public-private partnership and need of theoretical scientific research in the field of improvement of institutional, ensuring its realization. It is shown that the role of the mechanism of public-private partnership in the economy is defined, first of all, by its elements as subjects and objects of public-private partnership, priority spheres of realization. Authors allocate and describe a number of aspects of the mechanism of functioning of public-private partnership, namely: organizational and legal, financial and investment, technical and organizational, regional. In the article, the main problems connected with the development of the mechanism of PPP, including with lack of the description of concrete mechanisms of use of the majority of forms of PPP and lack of regulation of questions of division of powers between public authorities and business are allocated and proved.

scholarly journals Scenario of the last 13 years of procedures for treating acute demielinizing polyradiculoneuritis in the state of São Paulo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Hernandes Júnior ◽  
Juliana de Souza Rosa ◽  
Patrick de Abreu Cunha Lopes ◽  
Bárbara Tisse da Silva ◽  
Heloá Santos Faria da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The Public ◽  
Total Hospital Stay ◽  
Treatment Procedures

Background: Polyradiculoneuritis is considered to be the biggest cause of flaccid paralysis in the world and even after the progression phase, some patients may present with disabling residual deficits, both sensory and motor. Objectives: Analyze the current panorama of treatment procedures for acute demyelinating polyradiculoneuritis performed in the State of São Paulo and correlate the current epidemiology with the results obtained. Methods: A literature review and an observational, descriptive and transversal data collect on treatment for acute demyelinating polyradiculoneuritis, available at DATASUS from January 2008 to December 2020, and articles available at Scielo and PubMed. Results: There were 7,917 hospitalizations, representing a total expenditure of R$ 9,392,552.04, 2009 being the year with the highest number of hospitalizations (809) and 2017 with the highest amount spent during the period (R$ 967,284.65). 805 are elective and 7,109 are urgent, with 1,736 occurring in the public sector and 3,506 in the private sector. All of them were considered medium complexity. The total mortality rate was 1.57, corresponding to 124 deaths, 2019 being the year with the highest mortality rate, 2.94, and 2015 with the lowest rate, 0.53. The mortality rate for elective procedures was 0.99 compared to 1.63 for urgent procedures, whereas in the public sector it was 1.61 compared to 1.23 for the private sector. The average total hospital stay was 8.3 days, with an average cost of R$ 1,186.38. Conclusion: It is important to correctly notify the procedures performed, improving the epidemiological analysis and directing investments in health more appropriately.

COLLECTIVE BARGAINING DYNAMICS IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS

2011 ◽  
Vol 01 (05) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Anyim C. Francis ◽  
Elegbede Tunde ◽  
Mariam A. ◽  
Gbajumo Sheriff
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Wage Determination ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public

The objective of this paper is to examine the dynamics of collective bargaining machinery in both the public and private sectors in Nigeria; with a view to bringing to the fore the peculiarities associated with both sectors with regard to the practice of bargaining. To achieve this objective, the paper adopts a theoretical approach. The author observes that the practice of industrial relations as a discipline and that of collective bargaining in particular emanated from the private sector the world over. Thus, much of the practices of public sector collective bargaining are modelled after the private sector collective bargaining. However, in Nigeria, the obverse is the case as collective bargaining gained its root in the public sector owing to the near absence of private sector at the turn of the century. However, in Nigeria, the public sector pays lip-service to the collective bargaining machinery. Governments at all levels (Federal, State and Local) have continued to set aside collective bargaining and to give wage awards to score political points in spite of its commitment to the ILO Convention 98 to freely bargain with workers. The State or the government in the course of regulating wages and employment terms and conditions revert to the use of wage commissions. Thus, wage determination is by fiat. This preference for wage commissions can at best be regarded as a unilateral system as collective bargaining is relegated to the background.Wage tribunals or commissions offer little opportunity for workers’ contribution in the determination of terms and conditions of employment and can hardly be viewed as bilateral or tripartite. Thus, the State preference for wage commissions is anti-collective bargaining. In spite of Nigeria’s commitment to Conventions of the ILO with particular reference to such Conventions as 87 of 1948 and 98 of 1949 which provide for freedom of association and the right of workers to organize and bargain collectively. Thus, the use of wage commissions is antithetical to collective bargaining.

scholarly journals Analysis of procedures for treating muscle dystrophies in the state of São Paulo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Hernandes Júnior ◽  
Juliana de Souza Rosa ◽  
Patrick de Abreu Cunha Lopes ◽  
Bárbara Tisse da Silva ◽  
Heloá Santos Faria da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Muscular Dystrophies ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The Public

Background: Muscular dystrophies are degenerative and genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and muscle atrophies. Objectives: To analyze the current panorama of muscular dystrophy treatment procedures performed in the State of São Paulo, correlating it with current epidemiology. Methods: literature review and observational, descriptive, and transversal data collect on the treatment of muscular dystrophies, available on the DATASUS website, from January 2008 to December 2020, and articles from Scielo and PubMed. Results: There were 2,600 hospitalizations with a total expenditure of R$ 28,004,202.59, with 2015 being the year with the highest number of hospitalizations (248), although 2014 was the year responsible for the highest amount spent during the period (R$ 2,858,500 , 87). Of the total procedures, 1,849 were carried out on an elective basis and 749 were urgent, with 1,330 occurring in the public sector and 286 in the private sector. The total mortality rate was 1.08, corresponding to 28 deaths, with 2016 being the year with the highest mortality rate, 4.91, while 2014 had the lowest rate, 0.41. The mortality rate for elective procedures was 0.54 compared to 2.40 for urgent procedures, whereas in the public sector it was 0.53 compared to 1.75 for the private sector. The average total hospital stay was 27.7 days, with an average cost of R$ 10,770.85. Conclusion: the treatment of muscular dystrophies usually occurs in an elective regime and in the public sector, with the mortality rate being lower in the public service compared to the private one.

scholarly journals Overview of procedures for treating intracerebral hematoma in the state of São Paulo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Hernandes Júnior ◽  
Juliana de Souza Rosa ◽  
Patrick de Abreu Cunha Lopes ◽  
Bárbara Tisse da Silva ◽  
Heloá Santos Faria da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Intracerebral Hematoma ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The Public

Background: Intracerebral Hematoma has a high mortality rate. However, those who survive may experience sequelae, such as severe neurological deficits. Objectives: To analyze the current panorama of surgical treatment procedures for intracerebral hematoma performed in the State of São Paulo and to correlate the current epidemiology. Methods: A literature review and observational, descriptive and transversal data collect on surgical treatment of intracerebral hematoma, available at DATASUS from January 2008 to December 2020, and articles available at Scielo and PubMed, were carried out. Results: There were 7,716 hospitalizations, representing a total expenditure of R$ 43,880,884.82, with 2009 being the year with the highest number of hospitalizations (758) and 2010 the year with the highest amount spent (R$ 3,961,287.80). 777 procedures were carried out on an elective basis and 6,447 and on an urgent basis, with 3,074 occurring in the public sector and 2,004 in the private sector. All 7,716 considered to be of medium complexity. The total mortality rate was 35.82, corresponding to 2,764 deaths, with 2015 being the year with the highest mortality rate, 38.36, while 2020 had the lowest rate, 32.58. The mortality rate for elective procedures was 22.52 compared to 38.67 for urgent procedures, whereas in the public sector it was 34.39 compared to 37.77 for the private sector. The average total hospital stay was 15.7 days, with an average cost of R$ 5,687.00. Conclusion: There was a predominance of the emergency service and the public sector, and the mortality rate was higher in the private service.

scholarly journals Evaluation of procedures for treating polyneuropathy in the state of São Paulo for 13 years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Hernandes Júnior ◽  
Juliana de Souza Rosa ◽  
Patrick de Abreu Cunha Lopes ◽  
Bárbara Tisse da Silva ◽  
Heloá Santos Faria da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The Public ◽  
Total Hospital Stay ◽  
Treatment Procedures

Background: Polyneuropathy is the simultaneous dysfunction of several peripheral nerves that normally occurs as a result of diabetes. Objectives: To analyze the current panorama of treatment of polyneuropathies performed in the State of São Paulo and to correlate with the epidemiology. Methods: literature review and observational, descriptive and transversal data collect on treatment of polyneuropathies, available at DATASUS from January 2008 to December 2020, assessing the number of hospitalizations, the amount of public spending, complexity, mortality rate, deaths, permanence and character of service, and articles available in Scielo, Lilacs and PubMed. Results: There were 19,099 hospitalizations for polyneuropathy treatment procedures with a total expense of R$ 21,870,767.84, with 2014 being the year with the highest number of hospitalizations (1,740) and with the highest amount spent (R$ 2,034,880.25) . Of the total procedures, 3,732 were carried out on an elective basis and 15,362 in urgency, with 5,774 in the public sector and 6,396 in the private sector. All 19,099 considered to be of medium complexity. The total mortality rate was 1.63, corresponding to 312 deaths, with 2020 being the year with the highest mortality rate, 2.42, while 2014 had the lowest rate, 1.26. The mortality rate for elective procedures was 0.38 compared to 1.94 for urgent procedures, whereas in the public sector it was 1.25 compared to 1.77 for the private sector. The average total hospital stay was 9.3 days, with an average cost of R$ 1,145.13. Conclusion: Polyneuropathy is a disease that has a low mortality rate.

scholarly journals Profile conservative treatment of cranioencephalic traumatism medium degree in the state of São Paulo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Hernandes Júnior ◽  
Juliana de Souza Rosa ◽  
Patrick de Abreu Cunha Lopes ◽  
Bárbara Tisse da Silva ◽  
Heloá Santos Faria da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Treatment Procedures

Background: The traumatic brain injury has a great impact on neurological emergencies. Objectives: To analyze the current panorama of conservative treatment procedures for mid-level traumatic brain injury performed in the State of São Paulo and to correlate with the current epidemiology. Methods: Literature review and observational, descriptive and transversal data collect on conservative treatment data for medium grade traumatic brain injury, available at DATASUS from January 2008 to December 2020 and articles available at Scielo, Lilacs and PubMed. Results: There were 63,218 hospitalizations for conservative treatment procedures in this period, accounting for R$ 68,668,413.92, with 2011 being the year with the highest number of hospitalizations (5,262), although 2020 with the greatest expenditure (R$ 5,984,875.09). 1,149 of them were elective, while 47,478 were urgent, with the occurrence of 24,527 in the public sector and 13,705 in the private sector. All 63,218 considered to be of medium complexity. The total mortality rate was 9.69, corresponding to 6,125 deaths, with 2009 being the year with the highest mortality rate, 10.34, while 2011 had the lowest rate, 9.14. The mortality rate for elective procedures was 6.44 compared to 9.89 for urgent procedures, whereas in the public sector it was 10.80 compared to 7.63 for the private sector. The average total hospital stay was 7.7 days, with an average cost of R$ 1,086.22. Conclusion: Medium grade traumatic brain injury has a short period of inhospital stay and a higher number of admissions and mortality rates in emergency care and in the public sector.

scholarly journals Evaluation of procedures for treating polyneuropathy in the state of São Paulo for 13 years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Hernandes Júnior ◽  
Patrick de Abreu Cunha Lopes ◽  
Bárbara Tisse da Silva ◽  
Heloá Santos Faria da Silva ◽  
Tiago Veiga Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The Public ◽  
Total Hospital Stay ◽  
Treatment Procedures

Background: Polyneuropathy is the simultaneous dysfunction of several peripheral nerves that normally occurs as a result of diabetes. Objectives: To analyze the current panorama of treatment of polyneuropathies performed in the State of São Paulo and to correlate with the epidemiology. Methods: literature review and observational, descriptive and transversal data collect on treatment of polyneuropathies, available at DATASUS from January 2008 to December 2020, assessing the number of hospitalizations, the amount of public spending, complexity, mortality rate, deaths, permanence and character of service, and articles available in Scielo, Lilacs and PubMed. Results: There were 19,099 hospitalizations for polyneuropathy treatment procedures with a total expense of R$ 21,870,767.84, with 2014 being the year with the highest number of hospitalizations (1,740) and with the highest amount spent (R$ 2,034,880.25) . Of the total procedures, 3,732 were carried out on an elective basis and 15,362 in urgency, with 5,774 in the public sector and 6,396 in the private sector. All 19,099 considered to be of medium complexity. The total mortality rate was 1.63, corresponding to 312 deaths, with 2020 being the year with the highest mortality rate, 2.42, while 2014 had the lowest rate, 1.26. The mortality rate for elective procedures was 0.38 compared to 1.94 for urgent procedures, whereas in the public sector it was 1.25 compared to 1.77 for the private sector. The average total hospital stay was 9.3 days, with an average cost of R$ 1,145.13. Conclusion: Polyneuropathy is a disease that has a low mortality rate.

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