Study, to estimate the effect of new schiff base (R-CH=NAr) on the reproductive hormones of female Rats

Aspartame (ASP) is a sugar substitute. Its use rose because it has been demonstrated to have deleterious effects after being metabolized. In the presence of antioxidant vitamins C or E, the effects of ASP on reproductive hormones of adult male and female Albino Wister rats were investigated. A total of eighty male and female rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into four groups: group 1, received no treatment; group 2, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW; group 3, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW with vitamin C at 150 mg/kg BW; and group 4, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW and vitamin E at 100 mg/kg BW. All treatments were given orally by gavage needle once daily for consecutive 90 days. The levels of estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone hormone (TH) were measured after 90 days in blood plasma. In comparison with the control group, ASP treatment resulted in lower levels of E2, FSH, and LH in male and female rats. When the antioxidants vitamin C or E was given, the effects of ASP were reversed, and the levels of E2, LH, and FSH were increased. The testosterone hormone was likewise significantly increased by ASP, but testosterone hormone concentrations were decreased by vitamin C or E treatments. Long-term ASP consumption caused interfering with testicular and ovarian hormonal activity, while vitamins C and E on the other hand, overcome longstanding consumption ASP's effects.

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Leuprolide acetate affects intestinal motility in female rats before and after ovariectomy

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1992.262.1.g185 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 262 (1) ◽

pp. G185-G190

Author(s):

R. Khanna ◽

R. M. Browne ◽

A. D. Heiner ◽

M. H. Clench ◽

J. R. Mathias

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Motility ◽

Low Dose ◽

Reproductive Hormones ◽

Leuprolide Acetate ◽

Female Rats ◽

Ovariectomized Rats ◽

Gnrh Analogue ◽

Fed State ◽

Before And After ◽

Intact Rats

Leuprolide acetate, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue, is currently being proposed to control debilitating symptoms in women with functional bowel disease. Whether leuprolide alters gastrointestinal motility as part of its actions is unknown. This study was designed to assess, using myoelectric techniques in an animal model, the effects of leuprolide on potential mechanisms of neuromuscular function of small intestine. Female rats with (n = 6) or without (n = 8) bilateral ovariectomy were used to study jejunal motility before and after leuprolide therapy. Throughout the study, daily leuprolide dosages of 0.02, 0.2, or 0.4 micrograms/kg were injected into intact rats and 0.02, 0.2, 0.4, 1.0, or 2.5 micrograms/kg into ovariectomized rats. Recordings were made while the rats were fasted and postprandial and before and after leuprolide administration. Under control conditions, migrating myoelectric complexes (MMCs) were found in intact female rats, whether fasted or postprandial. After ovariectomy, postprandial controls and those treated with low-dose leuprolide (0.02, 0.2, and 0.4 micrograms) had typical fed-state patterns and no MMCs, but at 1.0 and 2.5 micrograms the fed state was inhibited and cycling MMCs occurred at a frequency similar to that of fasted controls. Reproductive hormones thus have a significant effect on gastrointestinal motility.

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Adenosine A2A receptor modulation of juvenile female rat skeletal muscle microvessel permeability

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00526.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 291 (6) ◽

pp. H3094-H3105 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jianjie Wang ◽

Virginia H. Huxley

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Adenylyl Cyclase ◽

Immunoblot Analysis ◽

Reproductive Hormones ◽

Female Rats ◽

Female Rat ◽

Rat Serum ◽

Juvenile Female ◽

Receptor Modulation ◽

Microvessel Permeability

Little is known of the regulation of skeletal muscle microvascular exchange under resting or stimulating conditions. Adenosine (ADO) levels in skeletal muscle increase during physiological (exercise) and pathological (hypoxia, inflammation, and ischemia) conditions. Later stages of these pathologies are characterized by the loss of vascular barrier integrity. This study focused on determining which ADO receptor mediates the robust reduction in microvessel permeability to rat serum albumin ( PsRSA) observed in juvenile female rats. In microvessels isolated from abdominal skeletal muscle, ADO suffusion induced a concentration-dependent reduction in arteriolar [log(IC50) = −9.8 ± 0.2 M] and venular [log(IC50) = −8.4 ± 0.2 M] PsRSA. RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis demonstrated mRNA and protein expression of ADO A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors in both vessel types, and immunofluorescence assay revealed expression of the four subtype receptors in the microvascular walls (endothelium and smooth muscle). PsRSA responses of arterioles and venules to ADO were blocked by 8-( p-sulphophenyl)theophylline, a nonselective A1 and A2 antagonist. An A2A agonist, CGS21680 , was more potent than the A1 agonist, cyclopentyladenosine, or the most-selective A2B agonist, 5′-( N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine. The ability of CGS21680 or ADO to reduce PsRSA was abolished by the A2A antagonist, ZM241385. An adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, SQ22536, blocked the permeability response to ADO. In aggregate, these results demonstrate that, in juvenile females (before the production of the reproductive hormones), ADO enhances skeletal muscle arteriole and venule barrier function predominantly via A2A receptors using activation of adenylyl cyclase-signaling mechanisms.

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Oestrogen and stroke: the potential for harm as well as benefit

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst0341362 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 1362-1365 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

I.M. Macrae ◽

H.V. Carswell

Keyword(s):

Stroke Risk ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Artery Occlusion ◽

Reproductive Hormones ◽

Female Rats ◽

Stroke Incidence ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Ischaemic Brain

Epidemiological studies point to a beneficial influence of the female reproductive hormones on stroke risk in that women have a lower incidence of stroke prior to the menopause compared with men, but this difference weakens with age and stroke risk in women rises after the menopause. However, recent Women's Health Initiative trials in post-menopausal women report an increased stroke risk on hormone replacement therapy. An influence of gender is also apparent on stroke outcome in animal models: female rats exposed to transient MCA (middle cerebral artery) occlusion sustain less brain damage than age-matched males, with loss of protection following ovariectomy. The major hormone thought to be responsible for beneficial influences on stroke incidence and outcome is oestrogen, and a large preclinical literature now exists where exogenously administered oestrogen has been studied in male and ovariectomized female rats using a range of stroke models and outcome measures. Most of these studies administer oestrogen prior to the stroke, use a model of transient ischaemia followed by reperfusion and report a significant oestrogen-induced neuroprotection. However, in some studies where the MCA is permanently occluded, oestrogen pre-treatment in ovariectomized female rats has been shown to significantly exacerbate ischaemic damage. Therefore preclinical results demonstrate harmful as well as beneficial influences of oestrogen on the ischaemic brain, highlighting the need for further study to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for both detrimental and beneficial influences. Ultimately, this could lead to the development of new classes of oestrogenic compounds with improved risk/benefit profiles, designed to selectively activate pathways inducing only the beneficial effects of oestrogen in vivo.

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High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet Disrupts the Preovulatory Hormone Surge and Induces Cystic Ovaries in Cycling Female Rats

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/js.2017-00305 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (12) ◽

pp. 1488-1505 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Katrina M Volk ◽

Veronika V Pogrebna ◽

Jackson A Roberts ◽

Jennifer E Zachry ◽

Sarah N Blythe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Cyst Formation ◽

Reproductive Hormones ◽

Female Rats ◽

Hormonal Changes ◽

Reproductive Disorders ◽

High Fat ◽

High Sugar ◽

Diet Induced Obesity ◽

Estrous Cycling

Abstract Diet-induced obesity has been associated with various metabolic and reproductive disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome. However, the mechanisms by which obesity influences the reproductive system are still not fully known. Studies have suggested that impairments in hormone signaling are associated with the development of symptoms such as acyclicity and ovarian cysts. However, these studies have often failed to address how these hormonal changes arise and how they might contribute to the progression of reproductive diseases. In the present study, we used a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet to induce obesity in a female rodent model to determine the changes in critical reproductive hormones that might contribute to the development of irregular estrous cycling and reproductive cycle termination. The HFHS animals exhibited impaired estradiol, progesterone (P4), and luteinizing hormone (LH) surges before ovulation. The HFHS diet also resulted in altered basal levels of testosterone (T) and LH. Furthermore, alterations in the basal P4/T ratio correlated strongly with ovarian cyst formation in HFHS rats. Thus, this model provides a method to assess the underlying etiology of obesity-related reproductive dysfunction and to examine an acyclic reproductive phenotype as it develops.

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Differential effect of difluoromethylornithine on the increases in plasma concentrations of reproductive hormones on the afternoon of pro-oestrus in the rat

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1210495 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 121 (3) ◽

pp. 495-499 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. A. Nicholson ◽

G. A. Wynne-Jones

Keyword(s):

Differential Effect ◽

Time Course ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Specific Inhibitor ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Prolactin Secretion ◽

Reproductive Hormones ◽

Female Rats ◽

Limited Time ◽

The Times

ABSTRACT In our colony of female rats (220–320 g body weight) undergoing regular 4-day oestrous cycles there were significant, marked rises in concentrations of LH, FSH and prolactin between 09.00 and 19.00 h on pro-oestrus. The i.p. injection of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO; 40–400 mg/kg), a specific inhibitor of the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, at 15.00 h on prooestrus had a differential effect on the rise in plasma concentrations of the various hormones thereafter. The drug produced a significant, partial, dose-related suppression of the rise in plasma concentrations of LH and prolactin, but had no significant effect on the rise in FSH. For time-course studies, 120 mg DFMO/kg were injected at 13.00, 15.00 or 17.00 h and groups of animals killed at 19.00 h. Only the injection at 15.00 h was effective in causing a significant reduction in plasma concentrations of LH and prolactin at 19.00 h. Pituitary content of the hormones was found to be unaffected by the administration of DFMO at the times and doses tested. These results suggest that DFMO has a selective inhibitory effect on enhanced LH and prolactin secretion on the afternoon of pro-oestrus in the rat, whilst not affecting FSH release. There seems to be a limited time (after 13.00 but before 17.00 h) during which its administration is effective. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 121, 495–499

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The Effects of Sex Hormones on Food Intake, Body Weight, and Fat Composition: A Cross-Species Analysis

Journal of Student Research ◽

10.47611/jsr.v10i3.1337 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Sahara Ali ◽

Megan Massa

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Reproductive Hormones ◽

Female Rats ◽

Species Analysis ◽

Literature Reviews ◽

Fat Composition ◽

Opposite Sex ◽

Multiple Species ◽

Cross Species Comparison

Reproductive hormones affect the physiology of eating, body weight, and fat composition differently among the sexes and across multiple species. While the reproductive influences on feeding are known, these studies have been previously limited to just one species in both studies and literature reviews. In addition, discrepancies have also been found across different species. For instance, female mice tend to experience no changes in food consumption whether estradiol is present or not, while female rats experience a decrease in food consumption with the presence of estradiol. The lack of cross-species comparison in these findings leads to a limited understanding of the overall effects of feeding and body composition. Not only are studies limited to one species, but studies are also limited to one sex. Not comparing results to the opposite sex prevents the consideration and realization of the discrepancies in the effects of hormones among the sexes. For example, men with higher levels of testosterone were correlated with healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) levels while women with higher levels of testosterone tend to weigh more than women with normal levels of testosterone. This literature review focuses on inter-species and sex differences of the effects of reproductive hormones on feeding, body weight, and fat composition.

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