"Tutti gli studenti dovrebbero venir quassů". Giovani irredenti nelle universitŕ italiane 1880-1915

2009 ◽  
pp. 31-56
Author(s):  
Alessio Quercioli
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Political System ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Choice ◽  
Italian Language ◽  
Italian Provinces ◽  
First World ◽  
The Way

- Is about the annexation of Veneto to the Reign of Italy in 1866, which deprives students from Italian provinces in the Austro-Hungarian Empire of the only university in Italian language within the boundaries of the double monarchy of Padua. People study in Austria, following classes in German, or enroll in Italian institutes whose qualifications are not acknowledged by Austrian authorities. The decision to study in Italy must be considered as a precise political choice; the youngest challenge the Austrian social and political system, that seems stale and inadequate, by choosing the "young" Reign. Many of these students will join the Italian army as volunteers. This research aims at giving new hints and open the way to further analyses of the «'14 generation», whose exceptionality has always been highlighted. But it is also necessary to focus on the connections with the previous generations - particularly for the "irredentists" - on their non-impromptu choices, which have to be seen as the result of a long cultural and political path.Key words: Students, University, Irredentism, First World War.Parole chiave: Studenti, Universitŕ, Irredentismo, Prima guerra mondiale.

scholarly journals WÜRTTEMBERŠKI GORSKI BATALJON IN 12. SOŠKA OFENZIVA

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-96
Author(s):  
BLAŽ TORKAR ◽  
MIHA KUHAR
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Unit ◽  
Erwin Rommel ◽  
First World

Povzetek Württemberški gorski bataljon je bil nemška vojaška enota dežele Württemberg. Oblikovan je bil precej pozno, šele oktobra 1915. Enota, ki ji je poveljeval major Theodor Sprösser, je prevzela pomembno vlogo v 12. soški ofenzivi, saj je ves čas delovala v konici napada alpskega korpusa in pozneje 1. avstro-ogrskega korpusa Krauss. Pomembno vlogo znotraj bataljona je imel tudi nadporočnik Erwin Rommel, ki je skupaj z majorjem Sprösserjem prejel visoko odlikovanje pour le mérite za uspešne boje ob reki Soči v prvih dneh ofenzive in operacijo Longarone. Bataljon je ves čas prodora od Tolmina do reke Piave deloval decentralizirano na več samostojnih smereh, saj so njegovi častniki razumeli in obvladali načelo poveljevanja s poslanstvom (Auftragstaktik) ter obvladali veščine nove taktike prodora. Bataljon je bil decembra 1917 skupaj z drugimi enotami 14. armade premeščen z italijanske fronte na opravljanje nove bojne naloge. Ključne besede: prva svetovna vojna, soška fronta, 12. soška ofenziva, Württemberški gorski bataljon, Theodor Sprösser, Erwin Rommel.   Abstract The Württemberg Mountain Battalion was a German military unit on the territory of Württemberg. It was formed relatively late, only in October 1915. The unit, which was commanded by Major Theodor Sprösser assumed a very important role in the Twelfth Isonzo Offensive. It was continuously engaged in the peak of the attack by the Alpine Corps’ (Alpenkorps) and later 1st Austro-Hungarian corps Krauss. An important role within the battalion was also played by First Lieutenant Erwin Rommel, who was together with Major Sprösser awarded a decoration “pour la mérite” for his success in the battles near the Isonzo River in the first days of the offensive, and for the Longarone operation. Throughout the penetration from Tolmino to the Piava River, the battalion functioned in a decentralised manner on several independent routes, since the commanders understood and mastered the mission command (Auftragstaktik) and mastered the skills of the new penetration tactics. In December 1917, the battalion and other units of the 14th Army were redeployed from the Italian front to a new combat assignment. Key words: First World War, Isonzo Front, Twelfth Isonzo Offensive, Württemberg Mountain Battalion, Theodor Sprösser, Erwin Rommel.

A Middleman’s Process: Booking and Managing Musical Theater Venues in Montreal from the 1880s to the First World War

2020 ◽  
pp. 009614421990013
Author(s):  
Antje Dietze
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Musical Theater ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
American Theater ◽  
Dynamic Phase ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World ◽  
The Way

This article focuses on the way musical theater venues in Montreal were booked and managed during the continental integration of North American theater industries from the 1880s to the First World War. It investigates how local theater owners and managers cooperated with representatives of U.S.-American circuits and booking agencies that provided the shows. They had to find ways to reconcile the fragmented audiences in the bilingual city with the increasingly standardized theatrical offers available. A closer look at different kinds of mediating actors and organizations and at the range and mechanisms of the supply networks explains why those relations often did not remain anchored in a particular venue over a longer period. The profiles of theaters in Montreal shifted frequently when an especially dynamic phase of social and cultural specialization in the urban sphere overlapped with growing trans-regional rivalries between competing theatrical circuits.

PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN OF UKRAINE IN MILITARY FORMATIONS IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR: CURRENT HISTORIOGRAPHY

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Mariia Huk
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World ◽  
The Way

The article is focuses on the study of the issues of participation of women of Ukraine in military formations in the First World War by modern Ukrainian historiography (1991-2016). Based on the topic, the author tried to solve the following research tasks: to identify which aspects of women's military history are within the interest of historians, to analyze the scale, character and level of research of the topic. The author found that the study of women's military history is gaining momentum. Historians are actively searching women's stories in the sources of those times; they are in the process of gathering information. They call military history “personal” because research on the subject is partially based on reports of the press about women volunteers and mainly on participants' personal documents, memoirs and letters. In the letters, women wrote about the way to the front, military life, a little about participation in battles, relations with soldiers; they also left information about each other. At the same time, each of the women had personal experience of war, own motives and results. Therefore, historians concluded that "this experience is quite difficult to summarize ". Modern researchers approach the study of women's stories not only in terms of heroism but trying to understand the causes and consequences of women's actions. The authors mention such main reasons as boredom of everyday life, escape from duties and national impulse. Inspired by the new fashionable views on life, the girls tried to escape from their everyday duties; they wanted to overcome social barriers and to prove that women were capable to cope with any work. The escape to the front was an attempt to change the way of life. Women who came to the front and participated in hostilities had to adapt quickly to difficult conditions and trials; they had to fight and to protect their own lives. The authors also analyze how society perceived the phenomenon of women in the war. Military commanders heroized their actions with the reason to raise the fighting spirit. However, the views of military men varied: the village guys welcomed and supported the girls; on the contrary, the men from the intelligent circle condemned women regarding them as competitors. Civil women believed that the girls had forgotten their traditional duty, they could have been more helpful in hospitals and doing charity. The author of the article also found that the participation of women in the military unit of the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen was better studied. The researchers concluded that the Ukrainian women who lived in the Russian Empire supported the call in 1917 of the Provisional Government and Maria Bochkareva to form women's combat battalions. Women were motivated to go to the front by the same reasons as women in the ranks of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen: failures in love, the desire to escape from violence and humiliation in the family, domestic problems, the desire to avenge the dead relatives and loved ones. In big cities such as Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa, Poltava, the Ukrainian women willingly enrolled in the army. Anyway, the inclusion of women in the combat units of the army of the Russian Empire was found out fragmentary, there are almost no names and characteristics of the activity of the women's battalions. Only a few researchers pay attention to the messages in the then newspapers about escapes and the heroic deeds of girls in the war. These issues require the search of information and detailed study. The author came to the conclusion that most of the questions remain scientifically open requiring the search for information about women in the ranks of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the army of the Russian Empire for the generalization of information and creation of a coherent picture of the military service of women at the front of the First World War.

Decentralization, Imperialism, and Ottoman Sovereignty in the Arab Lands before 1914

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdurrahman Atçıl
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
First World War ◽  
Central Control ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The First World War ◽  
And Control ◽  
Administrative Decentralization ◽  
First World

Before the First World War, Shakīb Arslān’s political views and polemic against the Ottoman Administrative Decentralization Party was primarily based on his and his family’s experiences in the politics of Mount Lebanon since 1861. His contacts with Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī and Muḥammad ʿAbduh did not inspire him to adopt a pan-Islamist or reformist stance. When he became involved in politics at the Ottoman imperial level after 1911, he called for strengthening Ottoman central control in the Arab lands. He interpreted the demands of decentralization and autonomy as the desire to establish a political system along the lines of the special administration in Mount Lebanon, which he viewed as an invitation to increase of European influence. He therefore accused those who promoted decentralization of dishonesty and treason. His essential motive at this time was to preserve and justify the strength and control of the Ottoman center. His view of Islam as a political unifier did not have a reformist edge, but was designed as a counterpoise to the idea of Arab exclusivity. 


Kikuyu and Edinburgh: the interaction of attitudes to two conferences

1971 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 345-359
Author(s):  
Stuart P. Mews
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Church Of Scotland ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Times ◽  
First World ◽  
The Way

Two conferences of some significance took place shortly before the First World War: the World Missionary Conference at Edinburgh in 1910, and the Kikuyu Conference, held at a Church of Scotland mission station at an out-of-the-way place in East Africa in 1913. In an Ecumenical Age, the fame of the former is likely to endure, the notoriety of the latter to be forgotten. Yet it was the controversy raised by the second conference which caused Lord Morley to remark that the ‘cacophonous’ name of Kikuyu might one day rival in fame that of Trent. Another grand claim was made for Kikuyu by the Bishop of Zanzibar—one with which The Times agreed—that ‘there has not been a conference of such importance to the life of the Ecclesia Anglicana since the Reformation’.

scholarly journals Nazione e Stato nella storia d'Italia

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Rogari
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
First World War ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World ◽  
The Way

The book delineates the emergence of a unitary state from the bedrock of a nation formed over centuries. It retraces the major advances in the integration between the state and civil society achieved in the first fifty years after unification, and the disastrous consequences wrought by the First World War and by Fascism. It underscores the way in which the post-war democratic revival rewound the virtuous process of construction of a state capable of expressing the Italian "plural nation". Despite this, it also stresses the way in which the ethical deterioration and the corruption of the political and administrative class that came to a head during the last twenty years of the twentieth century have again brought to the fore the problem of the construction of shared institutions.

scholarly journals The Way of the Warrior in Interwar Japan

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
First World ◽  
The Way

In the 1860s, Japan was pulled out of its centuries-long isolation and forced to rapidly adapt to the industrialized world. The state quickly made friends with the more established Western powers and was able to impress them with its surprising miliary victories over China in 1895, Russia in 1905, and Germany in 1919. However, the goodwill that Japan had garnered with the West evaporated after the First World War. How could a nation so adept at modern militarism and economics alienate every friend it had in the span of 25 years? The answer stems from Japan's long feudal age; in the twentieth century, Japan was unable to reconcile feudal concepts of Bushidō and Shinto with emerging Wilsonian idealism, leading to a fundamental disconnect that drove the Japanese down the path to confrontation with the nations that had ushered it into the modern era.

scholarly journals El sentido de la muerte y la crueldad durante la Primera Guerra Mundial

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Wilson R. Pabón Q.
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Art Of War ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World ◽  
The Way ◽  
The Art Of War

ResumenDurante la Primera Guerra Mundial se utilizaron adelantos tecnológicos que se destinaron al servicio de la muerte. Quienes hicieron parte de los enfrentamientos soñaban con una guerra romántica, pero se encontraron con la muerte industrializada, que no distinguía amigos ni enemigos. El presente estudio pretende analizar la forma en que quienes participaron en ella verían el morir y entenderían la crueldad. A partir del análisis de testimonios de la época, con las herramientas de análisis propuestas por varios estudiosos, se intentará comprender cómo la guerra y la muerte cambiaron las percepciones de la vida y la muerte alrededor de la guerra. Palabras clave: Primera Guerra Mundial, muerte, crueldad, neurosis de guerra, violencia expresiva, consentimiento asesino, testigo, testimonio.*****************************************************************The sense of death and the cruelty during the First World WarAbstractDuring the First World War it was used advanced technologies, which were designated to the service of death. Those who were part of confrontations dreamt about a romantic war, but they found an industrialized war, which did not differentiate either friends or enemies. The pretension is to analyse the way in which those who participate in it would see the dying process and would understand the cruelty in a different way. From this analysis of testimonies of the epoch, with the tools of the study proposed by several scholars, it will be proved how war and death changed the perception of life and interpersonal relationships for the 20th century.Key words: First World War, death, cruelty, expressive violence, testimony, the art of war.*********************************************************O sentido da morte e a crueldade durante a Primeira Guerra MundialResumoDurante a Primeira Guerra Mundial foram utilizados avanços tecnológicos que se destinaram ao serviço da morte. Aqueles que participaram dos enfrentamentos sonhavam com uma guerra romântica, mas se encontraram com a morte industrializada, que não diferenciava amigos nem inimigos. Pretende-se analisar a forma em que aqueles que participaram dela veriam o morrer e entenderiam a crueldade de uma maneira diferente. Partindo da análise das testemunhas da época, com as ferramentas analíticas propostas por vários estudiosos, vai se demonstrar como a guerra e a morte mudaram as percepções da vida e as relações interpessoais para o século XX. Palavras chave: Primeira Guerra Mundial, Morte, Crueldade, Violência expressiva, Testemunha, Arte da guerra

scholarly journals O front como experiência da temporalidade: crise da civilização, falência representacional e alteridade

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Armani
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
First World War ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

Esse artigo é um estudo introdutório ao pensamento de alguns intelectuais – sobretudo Eric Maria Remarque – que viveram durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial e testemunharam um período histórico profundamente conturbado pela violência e morte – a experiência da temporalidade. Para tal estudo, eu investigarei três tópicos no pensamento desses autores: a crise da idéia de civilização; os limites da representação como categoria cognitiva e a questão da alteridade. Abstract This article is an introductory study about the thought of some intellectuals – above all Erich Maria Remarque – who lived the First World War and witnessed an historical period deeply disturbed by violence and death – the experience of temporality. For this study, I will investigate three topics in the thought of those intellectuals: the crisis of civilization idea; the limits of representation as cognitive category and the question of alterity. Palavras-chave: Primeira Guerra Mundial. História. Temporalidade. Key words: First World War. History. Temporality.

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