The modern Italian debate on the Walrasian theory of capitalization (1960-1971)

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-155
Author(s):  
Giovanni Michelagnoli
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The 1960S

Historians have studied the intellectual relationships between Walrasian eco-nomic thought and the Italian tradition with a primary focus on nineteenth-century economic thought. Nevertheless, in the 1960s heated controversy over Walras's capitalization theory, prompted by Sraffa (1960) and, even more, by Garegnani (1960), developed in Italy. This paper aims to reconstruct that debate to illustrate that, even during such a period of critical reappraisal, a number of Ital-ian economists held a fundamentally sceptical attitude towards a criticism of Walras's scheme.

From Cohong to Comprador

Tea War ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 230-272
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Productive Labor ◽  
Modern Chinese History ◽  
Theoretical Category ◽  
Historical Institution

This chapter analyzes how the Republican economic reformer Wu Juenong, in his attempts to revive the collapsed industry, articulated a criticism of the tea merchants as parasitic. These were the same houses who played a crucial, dynamic role during the nineteenth-century golden years of Chinese tea. What had changed by the 1930s was not the comprador (buyer) and tea warehouse merchants' own behavior but instead the perspectives of Chinese economic thought, now rooted in a division between “productive” labor and “unproductive” finance. The chapter introduces the comprador both as a real, historical institution and as a theoretical category in modern Chinese history. As with free labor in India, the oppositional categories of productive and unproductive labor in China signaled an embrace of the industrial capitalist model by nationalists across Asia, in spite of a dearth of the traditional signs of industrialization in either region.

Background and Foreground: Getting Things in Context

1987 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Knight
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Information Retrieval ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Reader ◽  
The World ◽  
Exact Reproduction ◽  
The 1960S

Historians generally grumble at the liberties taken with letters and papers by editors and biographers in the past, while reviewers may complain at the professorial pomposities which interfere with the reader's interaction with the text. Certainly, reading is not a mere matter of information retrieval or of source-mining, but a meeting of minds, and any over-zealous editing which makes this more difficult will have failed. Editors, whether of journals or of documents, are midwives of ideas—self-effacingly bringing an author's meaning and style into the world. What reviewers praise is the unobtrusive, and what they damn is ‘a manner at once slapdash and intrusive’, making allowances perhaps for an ‘introduction which is as admirable as his footnotes are useless’. When in the 1960s new technology brought us a flood of facsimile reprints of scientific works, some avoided these problems by appearing naked and unashamed: but for a text on phrenology, or for Goethe's Theory of Colours, a fig leaf or two of commentary is really necessary to help the innocent reader to interact with the book. Facsimiles of nineteenth-century editions of Wilkins' papers, of some Newton correspondence, or of Henry More's poetry are even more problematic; the reader should know that these editors' assumptions cannot be taken for granted, and that their introductions are themselves historical documents. The exact reproduction of misprints and misbindings (giving pages out of order and misnumbered) is of dubious assistance to the modern reader.

Eastern Religions and Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 533-550
Author(s):  
Martin Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter begins with the Orientalist constructions of Eastern religions from the mid-sixteenth to the late nineteenth century. Subsequently, in Colonial Times, Asian reformers campaigned for Hinduism and Buddhism in the West leading to the establishing of the first institutions in Europe around 1900. From the 1960s onward, Europe saw the arrival of Hindu gurus and Buddhist teachers, later followed by the immigration of Asian workers and refugees. The conclusion highlights key constructions and images of Eastern religions and points to the ongoing processes of secularizationand commercialization which have repackaged practices and artefacts of Eastern religions for European preferences. The chapter argues that since the earliest encounters, Eastern religions represent both hope and promise for European philosophers, scholars, and practitioners. An awareness of the varied European imaginings enables a better understanding of the continuing fascination of Eastern religions on the part of sympathizers, practitioners, and the population in general.

From New Anarchism to Post-anarchism

Kropotkin ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Kinna
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Class Struggle ◽  
Political Theorist ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter examines contemporary anarchist critiques of Kropotkin, especially post-anarchist analysis. It argues that science has become a byword to describe Kropotkin's political theory, providing an exemplar for classical anarchism. This theory is described as teleological, based on a particular concept of human nature and linked to a form of revolutionary utopianism that promises the realisation of anarchy. Post-anarchists dissolve the distance between Kropotkin and Bakunin that advocates of his evolutionary theory invented in the 1960s in order to rescue anarchism from its reputation for violence. This repackaging of historical traditions underpins judgments about the irrelevance of anarchism to contemporary politics and political theory. In response, critics of post-anarchism have sought to defend nineteenth-century revolutionary traditions. The result of this argument is that Kropotkin emerges as a political theorist of class struggle. This defence raises significant questions about the coherence of Kropotkin's position on the war in 1914.

Compensated Motherhood and the State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Rymph
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Child Welfare ◽  
Foster Parents ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Child Welfare Professionals ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Proper Balance

This chapter examines the role of foster parents as workers, an idea rooted in the nineteenth century role of the “boarding mother.” Child Welfare professionals, foster parents, and the public struggled over the proper balance between paying adequate board to foster parents while ensuring that desire to nurture a child remained the paramount motivation. By the 1960s, foster parents began organizing themselves, culminating in the formation of the National Foster Parents Association in 1971.

Salafism in Pakistan

Pakistan ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 101-116
Author(s):  
Mariam Abou Zahab
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Soviet Invasion ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Religious Establishment

This chapter reviews the genealogy of Salafism in South Asia from the seventeenth century onwards. It focuses on Salafis that are known as Ahl-e Hadith in South Asia and have relatively few followers in Pakistan, where they have been active since the nineteenth century. The Salafis have maintained close ties with the Saudi religious establishment since the 1960s, ties which were reinforced when thousands of Arabs came to Pakistan after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The chapter also deliberates the Ahl-e Hadith movement and its jihadi expression in Kashmir. The Jama'at Ahl-e Hadith, an elitist politico religious movement aimed at islah, originated in the early 1870s.

The Lexical Object

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-53
Author(s):  
Michael Adams
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Practical Problem ◽  
Entry Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Organizing Principles ◽  
Grammatical Functions

Adams discusses the formulation of Richardson’s New Dictionary of the English Language, focusing especially on Richardson’s influences as he defined his methods and the organizing principles he applied to the construction of the dictionary. Following Horne Tooke, Richardson’s method viewed etymology as unifying different words with distinct meanings and grammatical functions. As such, he lumped derivationally-related words in single entries and eschewed historical principles favoured by other prominent lexicographers. This entry-level practice, Adams argues, had a number of drawbacks, despite Richardson’s supposedly scientific arrangement of English words and the underlying semantic principle his method was meant to support. Though Richardson’s methods were largely ignored by subsequent lexicographers, Adams argues, without Richardson’s intervention in the history of lexicography, there would have been no OED. With its primary focus on Richardson and consideration of other significant contributions to continental lexicography, Adams’ chapter engages the argument about what dictionaries should do—whether they’re about words or meanings or usage or culture, and if in some combination, in what proportion. He claims that although this is principally a nineteenth-century argument, it persists as a conceptual and practical problem for lexicography to the present day.

The folk’ish heritage in Nordic democracy: Examples from Denmark and Norway

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeppe Nevers ◽  
Jesper Lundsby Skov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
The People ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Drawing on examples from Danish and Norwegian history, this article traces the ideological origins of Nordic democracy. It takes as its starting point the observation that constitutional theories of democracy were rather weak in the Nordic countries until the mid-twentieth century; instead, a certain Nordic tradition of popular constitutionalism rooted in a romantic and organic idea of the people was central to the ideological foundations of Nordic democracy. This tradition developed alongside agrarian mobilization in the nineteenth century, and it remained a powerful ideological reference-point through most of the twentieth century, exercising, for instance, an influence on debates about European integration in the 1960s and 1970s. However, this tradition was gradually overlaid by more institutional understandings of democracy from the mid-twentieth century onwards, with the consequence that the direct importance of this folk’ish heritage declined towards the late twentieth century. Nevertheless, clear echoes of this heritage remain evident in some contemporary Nordic varieties of populism, as well as in references to the concept of folkestyre as the pan-Scandinavian synonym for democracy.

On the Rise of Postwar Military Dictatorships: Argentina, Chile, Greece

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicos Mouzelis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Sociocultural Differences ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Latin American Countries

Despite marked geographical and sociocultural differences, Greece and the two major southern-cone Latin American countries share a significant number of characteristics which distinguish them from most other peripheral and semiperipheral societies. Although they began industralisation late and failed to industrialise fully in the last century, all three countries managed to develop an important infrastructure (roads, railways) during the second half of the nineteenth century, and they achieved a notable degree of industrialisation in the years following each of the two world wars. Moreover, until the beginning of the nineteenth century, all three countries were subjugated parts of huge patrimonial empires (the Ottoman and the Iberian) and thus had never experienced the absolutist past of western and southern European societies. Finally, all three acquired their political independence in the early nineteenth century and very soon adopted parliamentary forms of political rule; and despite the constant malfunctioning of their representative institutions, relatively early urbanisation and the creation of a large urban middle class provided a framework within which bourgeois parliamentarism took strong roots and showed remarkable resilience. It persisted, albeit intermittently, from the second half of the nineteenth century until the rise of military bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes in the 1960s and 1970s and, as the Greek and Argentinian cases suggest, such regimes do not necessarily entail the irreversible decline of parliamentary democracy.

scholarly journals Accepting the ‘D’ word: discrimination in 1960s’ UK academic discourse

Race & Class ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-95
Author(s):  
Matthew Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Race Riots ◽  
The Public ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Word Discrimination ◽  
The Uk

Following the 1958 ‘race riots’ in Notting Hill, the field of ‘race relations’ in the UK changed from an anthropology of ‘coloured quarters’ in dock areas into ‘the sociological study of the migrant’. The author plots, through literature, the changing perception of the nature of race relations and extent of discrimination during the 1960s. The literature at the beginning of the decade was characterised by a questioning of ideas about discrimination, whether it existed at all, and/or focusing on the tolerance (or not) of the public. But following the Smethwick election in 1964 and the influence of Powell, the research and writing on ‘race’ began to shift at the end of the decade so that the concept of discrimination would be defined in social science, with racism becoming its primary focus.

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