scholarly journals A Guide to Helminth Parasites Reported from Shorebirds (Charadriidae) from the Americas

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Albert G. Canaris ◽  
Sofia Capasso ◽  
Gay J. Canaris
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
The Family ◽  
Host Parasite

The shorebird family Charadriidae in the Americas consists of 21 native and 7 vagrant species. Members of the family occupy a diversity of open habitats, ranging from Arctic tundra during nesting, coastal sands, and mudflats to inland prairies, savannas, and wetlands. Some native plovers migrate from nesting grounds in North America to wintering grounds in South America (Hayman et al., 1986; Paulson, 2005; Winkler et al., 2020). Our search of the literature revealed the following: 17 of 28 host species infected with helminth parasites, 153 helminth species, and 199 infections involving 13 geographic areas. The purpose of this guide is to provide easy access to this data and information relevant to helminth infections in charadriids from the Americas. Information is summarized in Tables I–VI. Table I lists in sequence host, parasite, geographic location, and attenuated citation. Common names are given for each host. Host names are listed alphabetically, and older scientific names used in the literature search are in parentheses. Host geographic distribution is abbreviated as follows: NA = North America, M = Mexico, CA = Central America, SA = South America, A = Americas (NA + M + CA + SA). If present, parasite species are listed in the following order: trematode, cestode, nematode, and acanthocephala. The helminth species names are listed as they were given in the cited literature. Tables II–V are parasite-host lists for trematode, cestode, nematode, and acanthocephalan species and host of the species associated with the parasite. Table VI is a summary of information extracted from the tables and literature cited section.

Checklist of helminth parasites of Soricomorpha (= Insectivora) of North America north of Mexico

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 1969 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN M. KINSELLA ◽  
VASYL V. TKACH
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The State ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
North America North

A parasite-host and a host-parasite checklist of helminths found in Soricomorpha (= Insectivora) of North America north of Mexico are presented. The parasite-host checklist includes a total of 114 species of helminth parasites reported in the literature from 28 species of insectivores, totaling 349 records. These include 97 species from shrews (9 trematodes, 34 cestodes, 50 nematodes, 4 acanthocephalans) and 23 species from moles (3 trematodes, 4 cestodes, 10 nematodes, 6 acanthocephalans). Each helminth species is listed under its most current accepted taxon, with all known synonyms, distribution by state/province, and references for each geographic location. The following new combinations are proposed: Lineolepis pribilofensis (Olson, 1969) n. comb. for Hymenolepis pribilofensis Olson, 1969; Monocercus soricis (Neiland, 1953) n. comb. for Molluscotaenia soricis (Neiland, 1953) Spasskii & Andreiko, 1971; and Eucoleus blarinae (Ogren, 1953) n. comb. for Capillaria blarinae Ogren, 1953. The state of knowledge of helminths of insectivores in North America is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Checklist of helminth parasites in wild carnivore mammals from Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1721 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIANO M. VIEIRA ◽  
JOSÉ L. LUQUE ◽  
LUIS C. MUNIZ-PEREIRA
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Helminth Parasite ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
New Host ◽  
Wild Carnivore ◽  
Host Parasite

Ninety-five helminth parasite species totaling 480 records (including 60 new host and geographical records) in 21 species of wild carnivore mammals from Brazil were listed. Nineteen undetermined helminth species and 4 undetermined host species were also included. Information about the site of infection of parasites, localities, references and a host-parasite list were included herein.

Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) in Pseudoeurycea leprosa and Chiropterotriton orculus from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Central Mexico, with a checklist of the helminth parasites of plethodontid salamanders

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1434 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. FALCÓN-ORDAZ ◽  
J. C. WINDFIELD-PÉREZ ◽  
B. MENDOZA-GARFIAS ◽  
G. PARRA-OLEA ◽  
G. PÉREZ-PONCE DE LEÓN
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Helminth Parasite ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Plethodontid Salamanders ◽  
Host Parasite

Plethodontid salamanders represent a group of amphibians that show a great evolutionary diversification in México, however no study of their helminth parasites had been conducted thus far. In this paper, we describe Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from the intestine of the plethodontid salamanders Pseudoeurycea leprosa and Chiropterotriton orculus from Llano Grande and Texcalyacac, Estado de México, in Central México. Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. is easily distinguished from all other species of Cosmocerca in that females possess a uniquely spined tail, a character no seen in congeners. In addition, we compiled all the information of helminth parasites of plethodontid salamanders, and we present it in the form of a checklist of both parasite-host, and host-parasite. A brief analysis of the helminth parasite species composition is presented regarding life-history and development characteristics of plethodontids.

scholarly journals Helminth parasites of freshwater fish from Central America

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1915 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
GUILLERMO SALGADO-MALDONADO
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Central America ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Parasite Fauna ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Helminth Parasite ◽  
South American ◽  
Helminth Parasites

This study is a compilation of current knowledge of the taxonomic composition and distribution of the helminth parasites of freshwater fish in Central America. A list of 111 adult helminth species up to day reported from 17 freshwater fish families from Central America was compiled. The data show a helminth parasite fauna in freshwater fish that is typical to the region. One hundred and two of the known helminth species are endemic to the area, 32 of which can be derived from South American genera. Nematodes were the most abundant group, followed by monogeneans and trematodes. None of the 29 helminth families recorded to date is exclusive to Central America, while 16 of the 65 recorded genera have been only recorded from this area. Twenty three of these genera are South American lineages. The data suggest that helminth parasites of freshwater fish from Central America constitute a recent fauna derived mainly from South America but not found there.

Prevalence of Intestinal Helminth Infections of Stray Dogs of Public Health Significance in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Olatunji Ayodeji Abulude
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Helminth Infections

Globally, stray dogs have been a major source of zoonoses such as cutaneous larval migrans, visceral larval migrans and hydatidosis. These dogs are recognized as being a major public health problem where their population is unchecked. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites of stray dogs in Lagos metropolis. Stools of 96 stray dogs were examined microscopically for ova of these parasites using centrifugation flotation method. Four species of intestinal helminths were identified. The overall prevalence of helminths infection was 61.4%, with Ancylostoma caninum having a prevalence of 62.5%, Toxocara canis 20.8%, Dipylidium caninum 18.7% and Strongyloides stercoralis 2.0%. T. canis had the highest worm burden of 1,250 egg per gram (EPG) while S. stercoralis had the least (100 EPG). The areas with the most helminth infections were Yaba (n=12, X̄=1.58, SD=0.793), Agege (n=11, X̄=1.73, SD=0.786) and Ikotun (n=11, X̄=1.45, SD=0.820). S. stercoralis was only found in samples obtained from Mushin and Ikorodu. Most of the stool samples obtained from this study had mixed infections, 83.3% were infected with three helminth species, 8.3% were infected with four helminth species and none had double infection. Mushin had the most mixed infections (n=4, X̄=1.900, SD=1.101) while Obalende had the least (n=1, X̄=1.000, SD=0.000). Most of the intestinal helminth parasites identified in this study are zoonotic and thus pose a public health problem. Environmental factors seem to influence the health condition of these dogs, thus concerted efforts should be made to reduce the growing population of stray dogs on the street of Lagos.

Mammalian faunal dynamics of the great American interchange

Paleobiology ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. David Webb
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Important Change ◽  
South American ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Land Mammal

The American interchange of land mammals reached its acme during the late Blancan and early Irvingtonian in North America and during the Chapadmalalan and Uquian in South America. It lasted about two million years and included taxa adapted to diverse habitats. It was preceded in the early Hemphillian in North America and the Huayquerian in South America by the interchange of a few heralding genera. The MacArthur-Wilson faunal equilibrium hypothesis correctly predicts a marked increase in originations, number of genera, and turnover rate for the South American fauna during the peak of the interchange. Subsequent further increases were not so predicted but closely resemble patterns also observed in late Pleistocene land mammals of Europe and North America. The continued increase in South American land mammal genera after the interchange had largely ceased resulted principally from autochthonous evolution of northern immigrant stocks. A marked decrease in South American ungulate genera (from thirteen to three) coincided with the appearance of fourteen northern ungulate genera and therefore appears to be a replacement phenomenon. The area/diversity relationship predicts no important change in generic diversity if a maximum of only nine percent of North America is occupied by the interamerican mingled fauna. At the family level, however, diversity is seriously overestimated due to the nomenclatural artifact of increased relative diversity by filtering.

scholarly journals THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NEMISTRINIDÆ

1883 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Williston
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
North American ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
General Appearance

The family of Nemistrinidæ comprises throughout the world one hundred and ten described species, six or seven of which are from Southern Europe and three from North America; the remainder nearly equally distributed in Asia, Africa, Australia and South America. In their habits, so far as known, the species approach the Bombylidæ most closely, as also do many in their general appearance. Structurally they are of interest to the Dipterologist, on account of their intricate and diverse neuration, which in some species is almost Neuropter-like in the reticulation.Doubtless the number of our species will be augmented by future discoveries, but yet we can never expect a very material increase.

Parasitism underground: determinants of helminth infections in two species of subterranean rodents (Octodontidae)

Parasitology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 137 (10) ◽  
pp. 1569-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. ROSSIN ◽  
A. I. MALIZIA ◽  
J. T. TIMI ◽  
R. POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Linear Models ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Subterranean Rodents ◽  
South American ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Helminth Infections

SUMMARYPatterns of infection among hosts in a population are often driven by intrinsic host features such as age or sex, as well as by positive or negative interactions between parasite species. We investigated helminth parasitism in 2 South American rodent species,Ctenomys australisandC. talarum(Octodontidae), to determine whether the unusual solitary and subterranean nature of these hosts would impact their patterns of infection. We applied generalized linear models to infection data on a total of 7 helminth species (1 inC. australisand 6 inC. talarum). Host age and season of capture influenced infection levels in some of the helminth species, but none were influenced by host body condition. InC. talarum, 4 pairs of helminth species showed significant associations, either asymmetrical or symmetrical, and with 3 of the 4 being positive; strong inter-specific facilitation appears likely in 1 case. Also, we found that female hosts, especially non-pregnant ones, harboured heavier infections of 2 nematode species than male hosts. This is in sharp contrast to the general male-bias reported for most studies of nematodes in wild mammals, and we develop explanations for these results based on the unusual ecology of these subterranean rodents.

Immature stages of the Australian flower-loving fly Apiocera striativentris (Diptera: Apioceridae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4387 (2) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
DAVID J. FERGUSON ◽  
DAVID K. YEATES
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Late Instar

The Apioceridae (Diptera) are relatively large asiloid flies with just over 140 described species worldwide. They are closely related to both Mydidae and Asilidae, and most species are found in Australia and North America, however a handful are found in both southern Africa and southern South America. The immature stages of only one species is known, the Australian beach dune inhabiting species Apiocera maritima Hardy. Like most asiloid larvae, apiocerid larvae are assumed to be predators of other soft-bodied invertebrates in the soil. Anatomically the larvae and pupae are similar to those of closely related families. The larvae are elongate, cream-coloured, subcylindrical and with a small, well-sclerotised head capsule. The pupa has a number of robust processes and spines on the head capsule and rows of distinctive bristles on the abdominal tergites. These spines and bristles are used by the pupa to drill upwards out of the soil prior to adult emergence. Here we describe the late instar larva and pupa of the Australian species A. striativentris Paramonov and compare them to the larva and pupa of the previously described species. Apiocerid larvae have distinctive, rounded abdominal segments 2-5 that may be diagnostic for the family. 

scholarly journals Host specificity and the probability of discovering species of helminth parasites

Parasitology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. POULIN ◽  
D. MOUILLOT
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Taxonomic Range ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Species Being

Different animal species have different probabilities of being discovered and described by scientists, and these probabilities are determined to a large extent by the biological characteristics of these species. For instance, species with broader geographical ranges are more likely to be encountered by collectors than species with restricted distributions; indeed, the size of the geographical range is often the best predictor of a species' date of description. For parasitic organisms, host specificity may be similarly linked to the probability of a species being found. Here, using data on 170 helminth species parasitic in freshwater fishes, we show that host specificity is associated with the year in which the helminths were described. Helminths that exploit more host species, and to a lesser degree those that exploit a broader taxonomic range of host species, tend to be discovered earlier than the more host-specific helminths. This pattern was observed across all helminth species, as well as within the different helminth taxa (trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and acanthocephalans). Our results demonstrate that the parasite species known at any given point in time are not a random subset of existing species, but rather a biased subset with respect to the parasites' biological properties.

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