Environmental stress effects on illness in Southern Ontario

A spatial analysis of smog events in Southern Ontario and prevailing winds reveals various patterns that occur during smog advisories. Smog events cause numerous excess deaths and illnesses each year throughout Southern Ontario due to high levels of air pollutants that are generated in North America. Cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses are the main hospital admissions that occur during summer smog episodes These effects are experienced throughout regions located along the Windsor-Quebec corridor, but there are variations in the numbers of affected people due to the effects of surrounding geographical features and the local contribution of air contaminants. Meteorological differences play a major role n the effects of smog events with factors such as temperature and prevailing winds. This study examines the effects of long distance transport of contaminants from origins in the United States into Canada as indicated by respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity effects during 9 smog events. This study found that during certain conditions there is a correlation between wind direction and smog-related mortality and morbidity.

Environmental stress effects on illness in Southern Ontario

10.32920/ryerson.14650044 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chelsea Blair LeBlanc

Keyword(s):

Hospital Admissions ◽

The United States ◽

Long Distance ◽

Southern Ontario ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Respiratory Illnesses ◽

Stress Effects ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Summer Smog ◽

Flight simulator system for research and teaching application

10.32920/ryerson.14662152 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Siju Thomas

Keyword(s):

Hospital Admissions ◽

The United States ◽

Long Distance ◽

Air Contaminants ◽

Southern Ontario ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Respiratory Illnesses ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Summer Smog ◽

A spatial analysis of smog events in Southern Ontario and prevailing winds reveals various patterns that occur during smog advisories. Smog events cause numerous excess deaths and illnesses each year throughout Southern Ontario due to high levels of air pollutants that are generated in North America. Cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses are the main hospital admissions that occur during summer smog episodes. These effects are experienced throughout regions located along the Windsor-Quebec corridor, but there are variations in the numbers of affected people due to the effects of surrounding geographical features and the local contribution of air contaminants. Meteorological differences play a major role in the effects of smog events with factors such as temperature and prevailing winds. This study examines the effects of long distance transport of contaminants from origins in the United States into Canada as indicated by respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity effects during 9 smog events. This study found that during certain conditions there is a correlation between wind direction and smog related mortality and morbidity.

Flight simulator system for research and teaching application

10.32920/ryerson.14662152.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Siju Thomas

Keyword(s):

Hospital Admissions ◽

The United States ◽

Long Distance ◽

Air Contaminants ◽

Southern Ontario ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Respiratory Illnesses ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Summer Smog ◽

A spatial analysis of smog events in Southern Ontario and prevailing winds reveals various patterns that occur during smog advisories. Smog events cause numerous excess deaths and illnesses each year throughout Southern Ontario due to high levels of air pollutants that are generated in North America. Cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses are the main hospital admissions that occur during summer smog episodes. These effects are experienced throughout regions located along the Windsor-Quebec corridor, but there are variations in the numbers of affected people due to the effects of surrounding geographical features and the local contribution of air contaminants. Meteorological differences play a major role in the effects of smog events with factors such as temperature and prevailing winds. This study examines the effects of long distance transport of contaminants from origins in the United States into Canada as indicated by respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity effects during 9 smog events. This study found that during certain conditions there is a correlation between wind direction and smog related mortality and morbidity.

Land Transportation

Chronicles of Mechanical Engineering in the United States ◽

10.1115/1.356056_ch8 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 311-350

Author(s):

Thomas H. Fehring ◽

Terry S. Reynolds

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Engineering ◽

First Generation ◽

The United States ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Long Distance ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Primary Means ◽

History Of ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

The engineering involved in transportation provided one of the points from which the modern mechanical engineering profession in the United States emerged. The shops that produced the steam engines for river boats and the locomotives for railroads had, by the 1840s, become a leading training ground for the first generation of professional mechanical engineers. As railroads became the primary means of long-distance transport for goods in the late nineteenth century, they also became a leading employer of mechanical engineers. Not surprisingly, the Rail Transportation Division was one of the original eight divisions created when ASME in 1920 adopted a divisional organization; it remains among that organization’s most active divisions. Unfortunately, despite the rail industry’s importance to American history and to the history of mechanical engineering, few articles dealing with the history of this form of land transportation have appeared in Mechanical Engineering magazine over the past fifty years. None were selected for this volume.

(94) White-fleshed Peaches and Nectarines for the Southeastern United States

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1029b ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1029B-1029

Author(s):

Desmond R. Layne ◽

W.R. Okie

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South Carolina ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Asian Population ◽

Brown Rot ◽

The United States ◽

Eating Quality ◽

Long Distance ◽

Clemson University ◽

Long Distance Transport

White-fleshed peaches and nectarines are delicacies that have been enjoyed for centuries around the world. They are native to China and were introduced to the United States in the 1800s. Some white-fleshed peaches and nectarines are highly perishable and bruise easily, but are of very high eating quality. These are perhaps best suited for the local roadside market, where they can be sold and consumed more quickly. Others are much firmer at harvest, have a longer shelf life. and are suitable for long-distance transport to wholesale markets. White-fleshed peaches and nectarines may have some acidity or they may be very low acid with high sugar content (°Brix). Some novel flat (peento or donut) types also exist. Proximity to an urban market with a substantial Asian population is advantageous because Asians, in particular, often prefer the low-acid flavor and are willing to pay premium prices for high quality fruits. In our peach and nectarine cultivar evaluation program at Clemson University, we are currently evaluating 70 cultivars and advanced selections at four different locations in South Carolina. Several of these have been evaluated since 2000 and the “top performers” over the last six seasons by ripening date (earliest to latest) include the following: `Sugar May', `Scarletpearl', `Snowbrite', `Southernpearl', `White Lady', `Sugar Lady', `Summer Sweet', `Sugar Giant', `Stark's Summer Pearl', `Snow King', and `Snow Giant'. In general, most of the white nectarines and the flat/donut peaches and nectarines have serious problems with insect damage and brown rot. Complete details of our peach and nectarine (yellow- and white-flesh) evaluation work in South Carolina since 2000 will be noted by referring to my peach website (http://www.clemson.edu/hort/Peach/index.php).

Geology and paleoecology of a Middle Wisconsin fossil occurrence in Zorra Township, southwestern Ontario, Canada

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjes-2015-0005 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 386-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A.F. Bajc ◽

P.F. Karrow ◽

C.H. Yansa ◽

B.B. Curry ◽

Jeffrey C. Nekola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Great Lakes ◽

Late Quaternary ◽

Plant Macrofossils ◽

Great Lakes Basin ◽

Long Distance ◽

Southern Ontario ◽

Oxygen Isotope Stage ◽

Fossil Assemblage ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Organic Deposit

Nonglacial deposits of Middle Wisconsin age are being discovered with increased frequency across a broad region of southern Ontario, Canada, and provide strong evidence for a time of significant ice withdrawal from the lower Great Lakes region. With each new discovery, a refined understanding of regional climatic and paleoecological environments is emerging. In this paper, we present the results of a sedimentological and paleoecological study of a subtill organic deposit in Zorra Township, southwestern Ontario. The organic deposit, which lies beneath Nissouri Phase Catfish Creek Till (Late Wisconsin), has been dated by accelerator mass spectrometry at between 50.5 and 42.9 14C ka BP. The organic remains are contained within slack water pond deposits infilling a channel incised into till either of Early Wisconsin or Illinoian age. The fossil assemblage appears to be strongly influenced by taphonomic processes, including degradation due to oxidation, bacterial and fungal decay, and glacial overriding. Reworking and (or) recycling and selective sorting as well as long-distance transport has also influenced the composition of the fossil assemblage preserved. Nonetheless, meaningful paleoecological information is still obtained from this record. Collectively, the pollen and plant macrofossils indicate a boreal-type pine–spruce forest with temperatures cooler than present. The absence of arctic tundra plants, as are found in many other deposits of similar age in the lower Great Lakes basin, is notable. A pond or wetland inhabited by shoreline herbs, shrubs, and trees was present at or proximal to the site. The freshwater mollusc and ostracode assemblages are consistent with a shallow water habitat with dense submerged vegetation. The terrestrial mollusc assemblage suggests a taiga or transitional taiga–tundra fauna. Together, these fossil groups provide one of the most comprehensive environmental reconstructions of Middle Wisconsin time (oxygen isotope stage 3 or OIS3) in southern Ontario and serve to build on the ever-increasing database of paleoecological information accumulating for this episode of the late Quaternary.

Lead migration in Podzolic soils from Scandinavia and the United States of America

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s04-022 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 291-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

E. Steinnes and A. J. Friedland

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Forest Soils ◽

United States Of America ◽

The United States ◽

Data Sets ◽

Long Distance ◽

Podzolic Soils ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

The Usa ◽

Gasoline Lead

In the past two decades, investigators have documented a decrease in total lead concentration and amount in upper soil horizons of forest soils following a reduction in the use of gasoline lead additives. In this study, we compare three data sets of lead isotopic ratios in forest soils from Sweden, Norway and the United States of America in order to formulate hypotheses relating to the factors that dictate lead distribution among horizons in Podzolic soils. A larger fraction of anthropogenic lead is seen at greater depths in the Swedish sites and in the southern sites from Norway then in the USA site. At present, only the time of onset of lead pollution appears to be related to the observed pattern. These observations could not have been made within any individual study but became clear when the three independent studies were examined together. Key words: Lead, soils, long distance transport, migration rates

Genetic Structure of Atmospheric Populations of Gibberella zeae

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-96-1021 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 96 (9) ◽

pp. 1021-1026 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

David G. Schmale III ◽

John F. Leslie ◽

Kurt A. Zeller ◽

Amgad A. Saleh ◽

Elson J. Shields ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Genetic Structure ◽

The United States ◽

Gibberella Zeae ◽

Genetic Identity ◽

Fixation Index ◽

Long Distance ◽

Inoculum Sources ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Gibberella zeae, causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat and barley and Gibberella ear rot (GER) of corn, may be transported over long distances in the atmosphere. Epidemics of FHB and GER may be initiated by regional atmospheric sources of inoculum of G. zeae; however, little is known about the origin of inoculum for these epidemics. We tested the hypothesis that atmospheric populations of G. zeae are genetically diverse by determining the genetic structure of New York atmospheric populations (NYAPs) of G. zeae, and comparing them with populations of G. zeae collected from seven different states in the northern United States. Viable, airborne spores of G. zeae were collected in rotational (lacking any apparent within-field inoculum sources of G. zeae) wheat and corn fields in Aurora, NY in May through August over 3 years (2002 to 2004). We evaluated 23 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci in 780 isolates of G. zeae. Normalized genotypic diversity was high (ranging from 0.91 to 1.0) in NYAPs of G. zeae, and nearly all of the isolates in each of the populations represented unique AFLP haplotypes. Pairwise calculations of Nei's unbiased genetic identity were uniformly high (>0.99) for all of the possible NYAP comparisons. Although the NYAPs were genotypically diverse, they were genetically similar and potentially part of a large, interbreeding population of G. zeae in North America. Estimates of the fixation index (GST) and the effective migration rate (Nm) for the NYAPs indicated significant genetic exchange among populations. Relatively low levels of linkage disequilibrium in the NYAPs suggest that outcrossing is common and that the populations are not a result of a recent bottleneck or invasion. When NYAPs were compared with those collected across the United States, the observed genetic identities between the populations ranged from 0.92 to 0.99. However, there was a significant negative correlation (R = -0.59, P < 0.001) between genetic identity and geographic distance, suggesting that some genetic isolation may occur on a continental scale. The contribution of long-distance transport of G. zeae to regional epidemics of FHB and GER remains unclear, but the diverse atmospheric populations of G. zeae suggest that inoculum may originate from multiple locations over large geographic distances. Practically, the long-distance transport of G. zeae suggests that management of inoculum sources on a local scale, unless performed over extensive production areas, will not be completely effective for the management of FHB and GER.

Pollen marqueur de transports à longue distance dans l'atmosphère du sud de l'Ontario (Canada)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b92-284 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 70 (11) ◽

pp. 2284-2293 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

G. Cambon ◽

J. C. Ritchie ◽

P. Guinet

Keyword(s):

Late Quaternary ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Source Area ◽

The United States ◽

Conclusive Evidence ◽

Quaternary Sediments ◽

Long Distance ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Pollen Transport ◽

An analysis of weekly air samples at four sites in southern Ontario (London, Toronto, Peterborough, Sudbury) provides conclusive evidence for the long-distance transport of pollen of the exotic taxa Entada (Mimosaceae), Dodonaea (Sapindaceae), and Ephedra (Ephedraceae), originating far to the south (at least 1000 km) of the recording stations. The nearest source area for the first two taxa is in the West Indies and Mexico, while Ephedra, previously noted in Late Quaternary sediments from the Great Lakes region, grows commonly in the southwestern region of the United States. Long-distance transport is corroborated by air-mass trajectory analysis and surface-wind patterns at time of exotic occurrences. Key words: aeropalynology, Ontario, airstreams, pollen transport.

The Fine Structure of Phloem Cells

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100119867 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 632-635

Author(s):

James Cronshaw

Keyword(s):

Structural Studies ◽

High Concentration ◽

Long Distance ◽

Phloem Tissue ◽

Sieve Elements ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

P Protein ◽

Companion Cells ◽

Electron Microscopical ◽

Long distance transport in plants takes place in phloem tissue which has characteristic cells, the sieve elements. At maturity these cells have sieve areas in their end walls with specialized perforations. They are associated with companion cells, parenchyma cells, and in some species, with transfer cells. The protoplast of the functioning sieve element contains a high concentration of sugar, and consequently a high hydrostatic pressure, which makes it extremely difficult to fix mature sieve elements for electron microscopical observation without the formation of surge artifacts. Despite many structural studies which have attempted to prevent surge artifacts, several features of mature sieve elements, such as the distribution of P-protein and the nature of the contents of the sieve area pores, remain controversial.