scholarly journals Multimodal Integration and Expertise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajwant Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Modality Dominance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Training

Multi-modal integration often results in one modality dominating sensory perception. Such dominance is influenced by task demands, processing efficiency, and training. I assessed modality dominance between auditory and visual processing in a paradigm controlling for the first two factors while manipulating the third. In a uni-modal task auditory and visual processing was equated per individual participant. Pre and post training, participants completed a bimodal selective attention task where the relationship between relevant and irrelevant information, and the task-relevant modality changed across trials. Training in one modality was provided between pre and post-training tasks. Training resulted in non-specific speeding post-training. Pre-training, visual information impacted auditory responding more than vice versa and this pattern reversed following training, implying visual dominance pre, and auditory dominance post-training. Results suggest modality dominance is flexible and influenced by experimental design and participant abilities. Research should continue to uncover factors leading to sensory dominance by one modality.

scholarly journals Multimodal Integration and Expertise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajwant Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Modality Dominance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Training

Multi-modal integration often results in one modality dominating sensory perception. Such dominance is influenced by task demands, processing efficiency, and training. I assessed modality dominance between auditory and visual processing in a paradigm controlling for the first two factors while manipulating the third. In a uni-modal task auditory and visual processing was equated per individual participant. Pre and post training, participants completed a bimodal selective attention task where the relationship between relevant and irrelevant information, and the task-relevant modality changed across trials. Training in one modality was provided between pre and post-training tasks. Training resulted in non-specific speeding post-training. Pre-training, visual information impacted auditory responding more than vice versa and this pattern reversed following training, implying visual dominance pre, and auditory dominance post-training. Results suggest modality dominance is flexible and influenced by experimental design and participant abilities. Research should continue to uncover factors leading to sensory dominance by one modality.

scholarly journals Negative Emotional Valence Intensity Affects Visual Target Detection in the Information Encoding Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Takeshima
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Information Encoding ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies have not yet investigated sufficiently the relationship between visual processing and negative emotional valence intensity, which is the degree of a dimensional component included in emotional information. In Experiment 1, participants performed a visual search task with three valence levels: neutral (control) and high- and low-intensity negative emotional valence stimuli (both angry faces). Results indicated that response times for high-intensity negative emotional valence stimuli were shorter than low-intensity ones. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to detect a target face among successively presented faces. Facial stimuli were the same as in Experiment 1. Results revealed that accuracy was higher for angry faces than for neutral faces. However, performance did not differ as a function of negative emotional valence intensity. Overall, the task performance differences between negative emotional valence intensities were observed in visual search, but not in attentional blink. Therefore, negative emotional valence intensity likely contributes to the process of efficient visual information encoding.

How does a threatening stimulus affect the memory of the display?

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 676-687
Author(s):  
Tal Makovski ◽  
Shiran Michael ◽  
Eran Chajut
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Colour Discrimination ◽  
Dot Probe ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Threatening Stimulus

Ample research has suggested that visual attention is biased towards threat and it was argued that this bias is an essential component of survival and implicated in anxiety. However, it is less clear how this bias is translated into memory, and specifically into the memory of items presented near a threatening stimulus. Here, we investigated this issue by testing how well people remember neutral and threatening images presented under various task demands. On each trial, observers saw two images before performing a dot-probe task (Experiment 1), a colour discrimination task (Experiment 2), a global or local attention task (Experiment 3), or no task at all (Experiment 4). A recognition memory test was performed at the end of each experiment to assess how the presence of a threatening image influences the memory of both images presented in the display. In all experiments, overall memory was enhanced as more threatening images were presented in the display. However, this enhancement did not occur at the expense of the processing of the surroundings. That is, with the exception of the dot-probe task, memory performance was not affected by an adjacent threatening image. Together, these findings challenge trade-off accounts, which predict that the processing of a threatening stimulus should take place at the expense of the processing of nearby items. Instead, these findings suggest that any effect of threat on the visual processing of the display is short-lived and more limited than previously thought.

scholarly journals Act Quickly, Decide Later: Long-latency Visual Processing Underlies Perceptual Decisions but Not Reflexive Behavior

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3734-3745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Jolij ◽  
H. Steven Scholte ◽  
Simon van Gaal ◽  
Timothy L. Hodgson ◽  
Victor A. F. Lamme
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Scene Segmentation ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Reflexive Behavior ◽  
Subjective Simultaneity ◽  
The Brain

Humans largely guide their behavior by their visual representation of the world. Recent studies have shown that visual information can trigger behavior within 150 msec, suggesting that visually guided responses to external events, in fact, precede conscious awareness of those events. However, is such a view correct? By using a texture discrimination task, we show that the brain relies on long-latency visual processing in order to guide perceptual decisions. Decreasing stimulus saliency leads to selective changes in long-latency visually evoked potential components reflecting scene segmentation. These latency changes are accompanied by almost equal changes in simple RTs and points of subjective simultaneity. Furthermore, we find a strong correlation between individual RTs and the latencies of scene segmentation related components in the visually evoked potentials, showing that the processes underlying these late brain potentials are critical in triggering a response. However, using the same texture stimuli in an antisaccade task, we found that reflexive, but erroneous, prosaccades, but not antisaccades, can be triggered by earlier visual processes. In other words: The brain can act quickly, but decides late. Differences between our study and earlier findings suggesting that action precedes conscious awareness can be explained by assuming that task demands determine whether a fast and unconscious, or a slower and conscious, representation is used to initiate a visually guided response.

Listen to your heart: Examining modality dominance using cross-modal oddball tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Visual Dominance ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Visual Response ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
Auditory Dominance ◽  
Modality Dominance

The current study used cross-modal oddball tasks to examine cardiac and behavioral responses to changing auditory and visual information. When instructed to press the same button for auditory and visual oddballs, auditory dominance was found with cross-modal presentation slowing down visual response times more than auditory response times (Experiment 1). When instructed to make separate responses to auditory and visual oddballs, visual dominance was found with cross-modal presentation decreasing auditory discrimination. Participants also made more visual-based than auditory-based errors on cross-modal trials (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 increased task demands while requiring a single button press and found evidence of auditory dominance, suggesting that it is unlikely that increased task demands can account for the reversal in Experiment 2. Examination of cardiac responses that were time-locked with stimulus onset showed cross-modal facilitation effects, with auditory and visual discrimination occurring earlier in the course of processing in the cross-modal condition than in the unimodal conditions. The current findings showing that response demand manipulations reversed modality dominance and that time-locked cardiac responses show cross-modal facilitation, not interference, suggest that auditory and visual dominance effects may both be occurring later in the course of processing, not from disrupted encoding.

Neuroticism and Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff in Self-Paced Speeded Mental Addition and Comparison

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hagen C. Flehmig ◽  
Michael B. Steinborn ◽  
Karl Westhoff ◽  
Robert Langner
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Mental Addition ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

Previous research suggests a relationship between neuroticism (N) and the speed-accuracy tradeoff in speeded performance: High-N individuals were observed performing less efficiently than low-N individuals and compensatorily overemphasizing response speed at the expense of accuracy. This study examined N-related performance differences in the serial mental addition and comparison task (SMACT) in 99 individuals, comparing several performance measures (i.e., response speed, accuracy, and variability), retest reliability, and practice effects. N was negatively correlated with mean reaction time but positively correlated with error percentage, indicating that high-N individuals tended to be faster but less accurate in their performance than low-N individuals. The strengthening of the relationship after practice demonstrated the reliability of the findings. There was, however, no relationship between N and distractibility (assessed via measures of reaction time variability). Our main findings are in line with the processing efficiency theory, extending the relationship between N and working style to sustained self-paced speeded mental addition.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT SUPPORT, TRAINING MOTIVATION, INTENTION TO TRANSFER, AFFECTIVE REACTION, UTILITY REACTION, SUPERVISOR SUPPORT, AND LEVEL III AND IV LEADERSHIP TRAINING TRANSFER: A CASE IN INDONESIAN MINISTRY OF FINANCE

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Roby Syaiful Ubed
Keyword(s):  
Training Transfer ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Management Support ◽  
Supervisory Support ◽  
Affective Reaction ◽  
Transfer Training ◽  
Training Motivation ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Training

The purpose of this research is to examine how training transfer is influenced by management support, training motivation, intention to transfer, affective reaction, utility reaction, supervisory support. To achieve this purpose, this study used the employees in Indonesian Ministry of Finance. A sample of 258 employees from level III and level IV leaders completed questionnaires that include measurements such as training motivation, supervisor supports, affective reaction, utility reaction, intention to transfer, training transfer, perceived training transfer, training retention, managerial transfer support, motivation to learn, training self-efficacy, and demographic characteristics. Hypothesis testing was done by using three steps of hierarchical regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that there are significantly positive relationships between the aforementioned independent variables and training transfer. Implications of this study were discussed. 

A contingency perspective on learning and instruction in physical education

2021 ◽  
pp. 1356336X2098588
Author(s):  
Jonas Wibowo ◽  
Ben Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Contingency Perspective ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Learning And Instruction

In this article, we focus on the contingency between learning and instruction in physical education (PE). We argue that the complex interconnectedness of teachers’ instruction and students’ learning processes should be studied using a unit of analysis that expresses the relationship between the two factors. A contingency perspective foregrounds the individual differences between different learners and how a teacher regards these differences. Furthermore, it has the potential to provide a precise lens for empirical research on how the students’ situations shape the evolution of the teaching--learning process. Based on scaffolding research and adaptive teaching research, which draws on socio-constructivist foundations, we call this unit of analysis ‘contingency’. We outline a framework of research that suggests depicting contingency dimensions, respective instructional continua, and contingency rules when investigating contingency in PE. Furthermore, autonomy as a core contingency dimension for PE and methodological issues will be discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of genotype, age of hens and K/k allele on eggshell quality

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ledvinka ◽  
L. Zita ◽  
M. Hubený ◽  
E. Tůmová ◽  
M. Tyller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Feed Mixture ◽  
Eggshell Quality ◽  
Feather Growth ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Relationship

We assessed the influence of the particular genotype, age of layers, feather growth-rate gene, and their mutual interactions on selected indicators of eggshell quality in six groups of hens of the laying type Dominant. The following genotypes were examined in the experiment: Barred Plymouth Rock, Dominant BPR 951 (K) strain, slow-feathering; Barred Plymouth Rock, Dominant BPR 901 (k) strain, fast-feathering; Blue Plymouth Rock, Dominant BLPR 954 (K) strain, slow-feathering; Blue Plymouth Rock, Dominant BLPR 894 (k) strain, fast-feathering; crossbreds of the above strains in the F<sub>1</sub> generation Dominant D 107 blue (K), slow-feathering and Dominant D 107 blue (k), fast-feathering. The layers were fed a feed mixture NP1 (16.64 % CP) from the 20<sup>th</sup> week of age and a feed mixture NP2 (15.02% CP) from the 42<sup>nd</sup> week. Husbandry conditions met the regular requirements of laying hens. Egg production and live weight of hens were monitored for the duration of the experiment (12 months). Eggshell quality was examined at the layers' age of 27, 35 and 56 weeks. The average hen-day egg production for the duration of the experiment (12 months) was not significantly influenced by the particular genotype or the feather growth-rate gene. The varying representation of the feather growth-rate gene significantly (P &le; 0.001) influenced the live weight; similarly, the relationship between the genotype and the representation of K/k alleles was significant. The average egg weight was influenced statistically significantly (P &le; 0.001) by the age of hens, their genotype (P &le; 0.05), feather growth-rate gene (P &le; 0.001), and the relationship between the age and genotype (P &le; 0.001). The age of hens, genotype, and the interaction of these two factors affected the egg shape index, as did the incidence of the feather growth-rate gene within the population (with a statistical significance of P &le; 0.001). The age, genotype and the feather growth-rate gene incidence within the population also significantly affected the eggshell quality indicators. In the eggshell to egg ratio, eggshell thickness and strength, an interaction was determined between the age of hens and their particular genotype. The eggshell colour was also significantly (P &le; 0.001) affected by hens' age, genotype (P &le; 0.001), as well as by the feather growth-rate gene (P &le; 0.001). No significant interaction between the age and the genotype was found for this indicator.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document