scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF COMBAT EXPERIENCE ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN THE PARTICIPANTS OF ANTITERRORIST OPERATION

Author(s):  
Synyshyna V.M.

Purpose. Define the influenceof combat experience on occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in servicemen for better understanding factors that cause the possibility of manifestation of stress disorders in servicemen.Methods. To implement the purpose, the theoretical method of analysis of literary sources on that issue has been applied, the empirical method was to conduct research on such diagnostic techniques as: “The Combat Exposure Scale” and “The Impact of Event Scale”. Based on the methods of The Combat Exposure Scale (CES) we have got an opportunity to define the level of intensity of the stressful action of the combat situation on combatants. The Impact of Event Scale (IES-R) is directed to identifying symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and assessment of the level of their severity.Due to Pirson’s correlation criterion the strength of the correlation connection between two indicators measured in quantitative scales was determined. Mathematical data processing was performed using a package of SPSS 17.0 statistical data for Windows. Results. The study found out that the same situation experienced by a person can be traumatic for one person and not for another, what depends on many factors. Scientists are currently investigating a wide range of factors of occurrence of stress disorders, although it is worth noting the approach of those scientists who consider the external factor as prevalent in the appearance of trauma, emphasizing the relationship between the intensity of combat experience and the emergence of psychogenies. It has been found that near 20% of the investigated servicemen have a high probability of development of PTSD. 79% are dominated by low and medium levels of traumatic event influence that indicates the expected, adequate level of adaptability to military events in combatants, there are no signs of post-traumatic stress disorder, they are well adapted to activities in extreme situations during service in the anti-terrorist operation zone. Quantitative and qualitative features of relation between the intensity of combat experience and PTSD manifestations have been revealed. It has been defined that some additional factors must be taken into account for the occurrence of PTSD, which determine PTSD, beside the intensity of combat experience. Conclusions. Based on the research, we can say that the presence of combat experience and stressful situations associated with it is not a major factor in the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder in combatants. That is those combatants, who had got light and medium intensity of combat experience, also showed some symptoms of PTSD. Conversely, those who had a high degree of intensity of combat experience did not always have manifestations of PTSD.Analysis of the research results showed that probably predominant meaning in the formation of PTSD in comparison with situational factors (intensity of combat experience) may have another factors. As theoretical analysis of scientific research confirmed, post-traumatic stress as a mental state is the result of a complex interaction of biological, psychological and social factors. That problem needs studies. Therefore, the prospect of further research may be to study the personal characteristics of combatants (character, temperament, intellect, etc.) and their influence on the development of PTSD.Key words: combatants, combat experience, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD factors, psychotraumatic situation. Мета – виявити вплив інтенсивності бойового досвіду на виникнення симптомів ПТСР у військо-вослужбовців для кращого розуміння чинників, що спричинюють можливість маніфестації стресових розладів у військовослужбовців. Методи. Для реалізації мети був застосований теоретичний метод аналізу літературних джерел з даної проблематики. Емпіричний метод полягав у проведенні дослідження за такими діагностичними методиками, як: «Шкала оцінки інтенсивності бойового досвіду» та «Шкала оцінки впливу травматичної події». На основі проведеної методики «Шкала оцінки інтенсивності бойо-вого досвіду» (Combat Exposure Scale – CES) ми мали змогу визначити рівень інтенсивності стресової дії бойової обстановки на комбатантів. Шкала оцінки впливу травматичної події (англ. Impact of Event Scale, скор. IES-R) спрямована на виявлення симптомів посттравматичного стресового розладу і оцінку ступеня їх вираженості.За критерієм кореляції Пірсона визначалася сила кореляційного зв’язку між двома показниками, що виміряні у кількісних шкалах. Математична обробка даних проводилася з використанням пакету статистичних даних SPSS 17.0 для Windows. Результати. У результаті дослідження з’ясовано, що одна і та ж пережита людиною ситуація для однієї людини може стати травматичною, а для іншої – ні. Це залежить від багатьох факторів. Наразі науковці досліджують широкий спектр чинників та факторів виникнення стресових розладів, хоча заслуговує на увагу і підхід тих науковців, які розглядають зовнішній чинник як превалюючий у виникненні травми, наголошуючи на взаємозв’язку інтенсивності бойового досвіду та виникнення психогеній. Виявлено, що близько 20% досліджуваних військовослужбовців мають високу вірогідність розвитку ПТСР. У 79%військовослужбовців переважає низький та середній рівень впливу травматичної події, що свідчить про очікуваний, адекватний рівень адаптивності до військових подій у комбатантів, відсутність ознак посттравматичного стресового розладу. Вони добре адаптовані до діяльності в екстремальних ситуаціях під час проходження служби у зоні АТО. Виявлено кількісні та якісні характеристики зв’язку між інтенсивністю бойового досвіду та проявами ПТСР. Ймовірно, бойовий досвід може іноді спровокувати симптоми ПТСР. Визначено, що для виникнення ПТСР повинні враховуватись деякі додаткові фактори, що детермінують ПТСР, окрім інтенсивності бойо-вого досвіду. Висновки. На основі проведеного дослідження ми можемо стверджувати, що наявність бойового досвіду та стресогенних ситуацій, пов’язаних з ним, не є основним фактором виникнення посттравматичного стресового розладу у комбатантів. Тобто ті комбатанти, які мали легкий та середній ступінь інтенсивності бойового досвіду, також проявляли деяку симптоматику ПТСР. І навпаки, ті, які мали високий ступінь інтенсивності бойового досвіду, не завжди мали прояви ПТСР. Аналіз результатів дослідження показав, що, ймовірно, превалююче значення у формуванні ПТСР порівняно з ситуаційними чинниками (інтенсивність бойового досвіду) можуть мати й інші фактори. Як підтвердив теоретичний аналіз наукових досліджень, посттравматичний стрес як психічний стан є результатом складної взаємодії біологічних, психологічних і соціальних факторів. Це питання ще потребує досліджень. Саме тому перспективою подальших досліджень може стати вивчення особистісних особливостей комбатантів (характер, темперамент, інтелект тощо) та їх вплив на розвиток ПТСР. Ключові слова: комбатанти, бойовий досвід, посттравматичний стресовий розлад, чинники ПТСР, психотравмуюча ситуація.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 046-052
Author(s):  
Agus Khoirul Anam ◽  
Wiwin Martiningsih ◽  
Ilus Ilus

Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an individual response to event or a condition thatcan appear many symptom such as, re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal. Survivors pschycologicalyoften suffering PTSD, if this disorders wasn’t detected and ignored without handling by experts, thecasualties were often psychologically stressfull pasca trauma. If this condition was undetected and beignored, it would cause medical and pshycological complication, so that PTSD will disturb socialaspect of the patients. The aim of this study was to describe Post-Ttraumatic Stress Disorder in KeludMountain’s suvivor based on Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES-R) in Kali Bladak Nglegok districtBlitar regency. This research used descriptive design . The number of samples was 42 people whosuffered Kelud Mountain’s eruption. The result showed that respondents who suffers PTSD was 66,6%which with less until a lot of symptoms and most of the society experienced Kelud’s mountain eruption.The writer suggested that health institutions of Blitar regency could decrease Post Traumatic StressDisorders symptom from a Kelud’s survivor who had many symptoms become no symptoms trough debriefingteraphy in Kali Bladak Village Nglegok District Blitar Regency.



1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-330
Author(s):  
Gary L. Villereal

This study examines the degree of differences exposure to combat had on Vietnam era veterans in relationship to the dimensions within Kübler-Ross' stages of dying. As a component of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, the symptoms of dying are seen as contributing to an understanding of the effects of combat. The Veterans Diagnostic Scale was administered to 109 Vietnam era veterans. Correlational analysis and t-test were used to test significance. It was found that combat experience indicate that combat exposure relates to symptoms of dying as identified by the Veterans Diagnostic Scale. Combat and wounded Vietnam veterans scored significantly higher on those symptoms than non-combat and nonwounded Vietnam era veterans. Indicators do not support Kübler-Ross' sequential order of symptoms in the dying process.



1987 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Davidson ◽  
J. Ingram Walker ◽  
Clinton Kilts

In recent years, there has been renewed appreciation of the morbidity which can result from unusual or overwhelming stress and while many situations can give rise to post-traumatic disorder, the most frequently studied of these is probably military combat. Psychiatric disorder pursuant to combat experience can not only become chronic, but may intensify with advancing age, decades after the original trauma (Archibald & Tuddenbaum, 1965; Wilmer, 1982). Moreover, a high percentage of combat veterans are believed ultimately to develop chronic psychiatric morbidity (Walker & Cavenar, 1982). The drug treatment of such post-traumatic states remains an important question, largely over looked until the last 2 years but recent case reports suggest that doxepin and imipramine (White, 1983; Burstein, 1984) are beneficial in treating post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which may be either combat or non-combat related. Hogben & Cornfield (1981) described five veterans whose PTSD improved when treated with phenelzine, while Van der Kolk (1983) has described beneficial results with antidepressants, lithium, benzodiazepines, beta blockers, and neuroleptics in uncontrolled studies of PTSD.



Author(s):  
M Sadeghi khorashad ◽  
E Rezaieyan ◽  
A Abdolahnezhad

Introduction: Firefighters are at high risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and that Quality of Life (QoL) is seriously compromised in individuals who have PTSD. This study was designed to assess the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorders and quality of life among firefighters. Materials and Methods: In this analytical and cross-sectional study, all firefighters in Birjand city were selected by census method (N = 96) in 2018. PTSD and QoL status was assessed by the Persian version of the Mississippi (Eshel) and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires, respectively. Using Cronbach's α, the Iranian version of these two scales' internal reliability has been reported to be 0.92 and more than 0.7, respectively. Data analysis using SPSS software version 21 and independent T-test, ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that most firefighters (70.5%) were suffered from moderate PTSD symptoms (79.2± 11.7). Based on the self-report scale, 53.7% of the firefighters rated their quality of life as Good, and 43.2% of the firefighters were satisfied with their health. Statistical analysis showed that there is a statistically significant inverse relationship between PTSD score and areas of mental health (P = 0.03), social relations (P = 0.002), and environmental health (P = 0.004). Between PTSD score and physical health, no statistically significant relationship was found (P = 0.08). Conclusion: This study has proven a high rate of PTSD among firefighters and its negative correlation with the quality of their life. However, most firefighters rated their health and quality of life as good. Implementing strategies to combat mental disorders among firefighters improves the quality of their life and increases their job productivity.



2006 ◽  
Vol 148 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Levitt ◽  
Q. Cece Chen ◽  
Flavia S. May ◽  
Mark W. Gilbertson ◽  
Martha E. Shenton ◽  
...  


1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. T. DAVIDSON ◽  
S. W. BOOK ◽  
J. T. COLKET ◽  
L. A. TUPLER ◽  
S. ROTH ◽  
...  

Background. In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) there is a need for self-rating scales that are sensitive to treatment effects and have been tested in a broad range of trauma survivors. Separate measures of frequency and severity may also provide an advantage.Methods. Three hundred and fifty-three men and women completed the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), a 17-item scale measuring each DSM-IV symptom of PTSD on 5-point frequency and severity scales. These subjects comprised war veterans, survivors of rape or hurricane and a mixed trauma group participating in a clinical trial. Other scales were included as validity checks as follows: Global ratings, SCL-90-R, Eysenck Scale, Impact of Event Scale and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R.Results. The scale demonstrated good test–retest reliability (r = 0·86), internal consistency (r = 0·99). One main factor emerged for severity and a smaller one for intrusion. In PTSD diagnosed subjects, and the factor structure more closely resembled the traditional grouping of symptoms. Concurrent validity was obtained against the SCID, with a diagnostic accuracy of 83% at a DTS score of 40. Good convergent and divergent validity was obtained. The DTS showed predictive validity against response to treatment, as well as being sensitive to treatment effects.Conclusions. The DTS showed good reliability and validity, and offers promised as a scale which is particularly suited to assessing symptom severity, treatment outcome and in screening for the likely diagnosis of PTSD.



2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (Suppl-3) ◽  
pp. S508-11
Author(s):  
Kausar Mahmood ◽  
Shanila Feroz ◽  
Iqbal Hussain Udaipurwala ◽  
Aaqil Anwar ◽  
Owais Khan Tareen ◽  
...  

Objective: To find out the occurrence and psychosocial risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder in COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive patients presented to ENT and neurology clinics of a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Creek General Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from Sep to Dec 2020. Methodology: Total 60 patients with positive COVID-19 PCR test were included. After taking written and informed consent, they were evaluated using a semi-structured questionnaire. Questionnaire comprises of four main parts; first part includes demographic data, second part includes information about the course of COVID-19 in patient and other members of family, third part comprised of reasons of anxiety during COVID-19 and fourth part consist of Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R). Data was entered and analyzed through SPSS-23. Results: Out of total 60 patients, 36 (60%) had post COVID stress disorder. Females were affected more than the males (63% vs. 57%), above 50 years of age were affected more than below 50 years of age (81% vs 52%), singles were affected more than married (72% vs 38%) and lower socio-economic status were affected more than higher (65% vs 50%). Conclusion: PTSD was observed as long-term psychiatric problem leading to significant morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection.



HUMANITARIUM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-178
Author(s):  
Yulianna Yasenchuk

The article outlines the main aspects of provision of rehabilitation services for servicemen and participants in the antiterrorist operation. The concept of psychological rehabilitation in the context of a systematic approach is considered in details and its main features are formed. Special attention is paid to the study of previous work, to the mechanism of providing rehabilitation services to all servicemen. In the context of the current tasks, the legal base on this issue, the approved and priority initiatives was investigated. The most frequent distribution among the demobilized soldiers of antiterrorist operation is occupied by people with the main characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder. The percentage correlation with such features in 2015-2017 was investigated and the main aspects of the mechanism of ensuring the full maintenance of social support were formed.Military actions and the conduct of the antiterrorist operation led to increase in the number of psychological stress disorders among the military. In the course of work we managed to find out that since the beginning of the antiterrorist operation and to date, the system of psychological rehabilitation of the military is gradually improving, but the question remains its effective functioning and compliance with world standards.After returning to a peaceful life, soldiers should be involved in rehabilitation activities and receive comprehensive complex rehabilitation in accordance with individual programs.The question was also raised on the issue of soldiers with post-traumatic stress, who had undergone rehabilitation and rehabilitation and required long-term social support. The most effective in reducing the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder is the integration of the soldiers’ negative experience in order to use it for personal growth, self-development, self-realization.



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