scholarly journals ALTERNATIVE FUELS – A PROMISING DIRECTION FOR THE ENERGY COMPLEX OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
A.A. Osmak ◽  
A.A. Seregin
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Waste ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Agricultural Industries ◽  
Vegetable Raw Materials

The perspectives of processing biomass to raise it to the country’s energy mix. The results of studies of fuel characteristics most commonly used renewable energy in Ukraine: wood waste and agricultural industries. In order to determine the flammability of the analysis of the chemical composition of the waste wood and sunflower husk. Presents estimates of effective thermal conductivity sunflower husks and wood waste (chips) depending on porosity, temperature and moisture content. The expediency of using plant biomass as a fuel in regions without centralized energy supply and available fossil fuel resources has been confirmed. This also applies to enterprises for the processing of wood and agricultural products (woodworking and pulp and paper mills, factories for the production of sunflower oil, etc.), where a large amount of waste from the processing of vegetable raw materials is generated. Bibl. 10, Fig. 1, Tab. 5.

Water Pollution Abatement in Small Paper Mills in India

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Panneerselvam
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Recovery System

In order to reduce the demand for the forest based raw materials by the organised industrial sectors like the large integrated pulp and paper mills, the Government of India started promoting several small-scale pulp and paper mills based on non-wood agricultural residue raw materials. However promotion of these small mills has created another environmental problem i.e. severe water pollution due to non-recovery of chemicals. Because of the typical characteristics like high silica content etc. of the black liquor produced and the subsequent high capital investment needed for a recovery system, it is not economically feasible for the small Indian mills to recover the chemicals. While the quantity of wastewater generated per tonne of paper produced by a small mill is same as from a large integrated pulp and paper mill with a chemical recovery system, their BOD load is four times higher, due to non recovery of chemicals. However the existing wastewater disposal standards are uniform for large and small mills for e.g. 30 mg BOD/l. To meet these standards, the small mills have to install a capital intensive wastewater treatment plant with heavy recurring operating costs. Therefore the feasible alternative is to implement various pollution abatement measures, with the objective of not only reducing the fibre/chemical loss but also to reduce the investment and operating costs of the final wastewater treatment system. To illustrate this approach, a case study on water pollution abatement and control in a 10 TPD mill, will be discussed.

Wastewater Characteristics

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils-Erik Virkola ◽  
Kristiina Honkanen
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
The Past ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Pollution Loads

Forceful measures have been taken in the past decade to reduce the pollution loads of pulp and paper mills. Besides more effective external waste water treatment, internal arrangements have been made to reduce pollution loads, e.g. by closing water systems. New processes and technically improved machines and equipment have made it possible to utilize raw materials and chemicals more efficiently. This has also reduced the pollution loads of the mills. In the 1970s, pollution loads were restricted by environmental laws and regulations in many countries, and the restrictions will become tighter during the 1980s. This will require much research and development. In this paper, characteristics of effluents (BOD, suspended solids, colour, TOC, COD, toxicity) discharged from chemical and mechanical pulping processes and from paper and board mills are presented in general terms and by mill department. Process developments and effects of these developments on pollution loads are described and future trends are discussed.

scholarly journals Use of talc to control problems associated with dissolved and colloidal material in papermaking

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTONIO TIJERO ◽  
M. CONCEPCION MONTE ◽  
ANGELES BLANCO
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Process Water ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Colloidal Material ◽  
White Water ◽  
Dissolved And Colloidal Substances

Increasingly stringent environmental standards and market demands are forcing pulp and paper mills to minimize both their water usage and their effluent discharge. Higher rates of process water reuse in pulp and paper mills leads to increased amounts of dissolved and colloidal substances in process water, which is a major fac¬tor limiting further closure of the water circuits. This study explores the use of different types of talc as control agents for dissolved and colloidal material contained in white water from paper mills using recovered and coated paper as raw materials. It also identifies the kinds of talc that can be used to control detrimental properties of the white water.

scholarly journals A NEW SYNTHESIS PROCESS OF LIGNOSULFONATE USING LIGNIN RECOVERED FROM BLACK LIQUOR OF PULP AND PAPER MILLS

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (4B) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nguyen Truong Giang
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Step Process ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
One Step ◽  
Agricultural Industries

Lignosulfonate is an important deriver of lignin, which has many advantages as a surfactant in various fields, for example, in petroleum, printing, construction and agricultural industries. In this study, a new synthesis process of lignosulfonate by two steps were investigated. The results showed that lignosulfonates synthesized by two steps process have similar characteristics and functional groups with lignosulfonates synthesized by one step process. Process by two steps can be easier operated than that by one step, also reaction time and reaction temperature in two steps process were shorter and lower than in one step process.

scholarly journals Potential for Negative Emissions by Carbon Capture and Storage From a Novel Electric Plasma Calcination Process for Pulp and Paper Mills

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elin Svensson ◽  
Holger Wiertzema ◽  
Simon Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Calcination Process ◽  
Lime Kiln ◽  
Negative Emissions ◽  
And Storage

The pulp and paper industry has a high potential to contribute to negative emissions through carbon capture and storage (CCS) applied to existing processes. However, there is a need to investigate how CCS solutions also can be combined with implementation of other emerging technologies in pulp and paper mills. This paper investigates the integration of a novel calcination process in two kraft mills and evaluates its potential combination with capture and storage of CO2 from the calcination plant. The alternative calcination process uses electric gas-plasma technology combined with steam slaking and allows replacing the conventional fuel-driven lime kilns with a process driven by electricity. The novel calcination process generates a pure, biogenic, CO2 stream, which provides an opportunity to achieve negative emissions at relatively lower costs. The potential reduction of greenhouse gas emissions when replacing the lime kiln with the plasma calcination concept depends strongly on the emissions intensity of grid electricity, and on whether fossil fuel or biomass was used as a fuel in the lime kiln. If fossil fuel is replaced and electricity is associated with very low emissions, avoided CO2 emissions reach ~50 kt/a for the smaller mill investigated in the paper (ca 400 kt pulp per year) and almost 100 kt/a for the larger mill (ca 700 kt pulp per year). Further emission reductions could then be achieved through CCS from the electrified calcination process, with capture potentials for the two mills of 95 and 164 kt/a, respectively, and capture and storage costs estimated to 36–60 EUR/tCO2.

scholarly journals Production of Ethanol Using Yeast Isolates on Water Hyacinth and Azolla

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riajul Hossain ◽  
Miraj Kobad Chowdhury ◽  
Sabina Yeasmin ◽  
M Mozammel Hoq
Keyword(s):  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Azolla Pinnata ◽  
Biomass Resources

Fossil fuel depletion and limitations turn scientists to develop alternative fuels as well as biofuels. Cheap cellulosic biomass could be used as raw materials for production of ethanol. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Azolla (Azolla pinnata) are the two biomass resources considered in this study. The purpose of this study was to produce ethanol using water hyacinth and Azolla as substrates used to produce ethanol by using two yeasts presumptively identified as Sachharomyces cerevisiae (Sc-SR4, Sc-MR8) and Kluyveromyces marxianus (Km-SR3). For saccharification, water hyacinth and Azolla were pretreated with different concentrations (0.25 to 1.0%) of sulphuric acid. D-glucose and reducing sugar yield was found higher for Azolla (40% of dry weight) than water hyacinth (25.2% of dry weight). The ethanol yield was higher with water hyacinth, (0.32g/g ethanol), than that of Azolla, (0.20g/g ethanol). Acid and heat treatment both affected saccharification. The water hyacinth hydrolysate fermentation resulted in 1.9% (v/v) ethanol by the isolate Sc-SR4 and 1.4% (v/v) ethanol by the Sc-MR8 and thus the Sc-SR4 proved to be more efficient than Sc-MR8. Similarly, fermentation of Azolla hydrolysate gave 1.01% (v/ v) ethanol by Sc-SR4 and 0.45% (v/v) by the Sc-MR8 isolate. Key words: Biofuel; Ethanol; Yeast; Cellulosic Substrates   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v27i2.9173 BJM 2010; 27(2): 56-60

Photo-catalytic degradation of gaseous pollutants in paper mills of southern China

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Tong ◽  
Jiao Li ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Xiaoquan Chen ◽  
Wenhao Shen
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Catalytic Degradation ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics

Studies were undertaken to evaluate gaseous pollutants in workplace air within pulp and paper mills and to consider the effectiveness of photo-catalytic treatment of this air. Ambient air at 30 sampling sites in five pulp and paper mills of southern China were sampled and analyzed. The results revealed that formaldehyde and various benzene-based molecules were the main gaseous pollutants at these five mills. A photo-catalytic reactor system with titanium dioxide (TiO2) was developed and evaluated for degradation of formaldehyde, benzene and their mixtures. The experimental results demonstrated that both formaldehyde and benzene in their pure forms could be completely photo-catalytic degraded, though the degradation of benzene was much more difficult than that for formaldehyde. Study of the photo-catalytic degradation kinetics revealed that the degradation rate of formaldehyde increased with initial concentration fitting a first-order kinetics reaction. In contrast, the degradation rate of benzene had no relationship with initial concentration and degradation did not conform to first-order kinetics. The photo-catalytic degradation of formaldehyde-benzene mixtures indicated that formaldehyde behaved differently than when treated in its pure form. The degradation time was two times longer and the kinetics did not reflect a first-order reaction. The degradation of benzene was similar in both pure form and when mixed with formaldehyde.

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