Structure and properties of pectin substances of wild sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) growing in Azerbaijan

The use of sea buckthorn fruits in medicine, cosmetology and as a source of ingredients that improve the quality of food has already been studied and continues to be studied. One of these ingredients can serve as pectin substances of sea buckthorn, isolated from it in its pure form. Considering the relevance of this direction, the main task of this work was the study and identification of pectin substances isolated from the fruits of wild sea buckthorn growing in Azerbaijan. Using cavitation-membrane technology, samples of pectin substances from sea buckthorn pomace were obtained under optimal technological conditions, after which the physicochemical characteristics were studied and their identification was carried out using physicochemical methods - elementary analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy. Data have been obtained indicating that sea buckthorn pectin is a low-esterified pectin, which consists of a mixture of linear and highly branched polymers of α-D-galacturonane and other polysaccharides, whose macromolecules include galacturonic acid residues and neutral sugars. The high complexing ability of the obtained pectin in relation to lead ions has been established, which makes it possible to recommend it as an active ingredient for therapeutic and prophylactic products. The data obtained allow us to get a more complete picture of the biotechnological potential of local sea buckthorn as a source of pectin substances.

EDIBLE ONION FLOWERS (ALLIUM L.) AS A SOURCE OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES

The results of comparative study of the content of biologically active substances in the flowers of 10 species of perennial onions Allium aflatunense B. Fedtsch., A. altaicum Pall., A. flavum L., A. microdictyon Prokh., A. nutans L., A. obliquum L., A. ramosum L., A. rosenbachianum Regel, A. schoenoprasum L., A. senescens L. var. glaucum Regel (A. senescens ssp. glaucum (Schrad.) N. Friesen) are presented. The freshly collected raw materials in the phase of mass flowering were analyzed. The dry matter content was determined by drying 1 g of raw material at 100–105 °C to a constant mass. The amount of phenolic compounds, pectin substances, total sugars, and carotenoids was determined spectrophotometrically using SF-56 (Russia) and SF "Agilent" 8453 (USA). For the first time, data on the quantitative content of the main groups of secondary metabolites in onion flowers were obtained. It has been established that in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia, flowers of Allium species contain: 10.7-22.5% dry substances, 6.6-26.2% total sugars, 3.3–18.6% pectin substances, 3.6–10.6% phenolic compounds, 3.0–23.4 mg% carotenoids (per mass of absolutely dry materials) and 35.4–157.8 mg% ascorbic acid (per mass of raw materials). The highest values were found for A. rosenbachianum, A. flavum, and A. aflatunense. The high variability of the accumulation of biologically active substances is due to the species and the influence of weather conditions during the growing season. The study showed the prospects for using onion flowers as a source of various bioactive compounds, including when added to food.

Preparation of copper pectate preparation for use in medical practice

Currently, the processes of complexation of various ligands, including biopolymers with metals, attract the attention of scientists from different countries not only in order to obtain new data on the methods of synthesis and properties of metal complexes, but also in connection with the search for ways to obtain new effective biologically active drugs among them. Since the life around us is oversaturated with various artificially produced drugs that have a negative effect on the human body, today, more than ever before, the question arises of using natural, environmentally friendly ingredients instead of synthetic ones, for example, such as pectin. The study of the structural parameters and physico-chemical properties of complexes of pectin substances with metals will significantly expand the scope of their practical use. Key words: metal complexes, pectin, copper pectate, complex formation.

THE POTENTIAL OF URONIDE HYDROCOLLOIDS FOR THE FORMATION OF SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTH PRODUCTS FROM HYDROBIONTS

The article presents the theoretical basis and practical aspects of the using of binary compositions of uronid polysaccharides in the technology of culinary products from aquatic organisms in jelly fillings. The relevance of the composition of natural high molecular weight polysaccharides, such as sodium alginate and low-esterified pectin, to promote the improvement of sensory characteristics of culinary products from aquatic organisms in the menu of fish restaurants is shown. The objectives of the study were to obtain a jelly filling of viscous consistency, followed by the formation of a stable, elastic gel for using in the technology of aquatic products. Obtaining a jelly filling involves det-ermining the parameters of the preliminary preparation of hydrocolloids; study of the influence of technological par-ameters on the sensory characteristics of the gel. Creating a dry mixture of sodium alginate and low-esterified pectin with salt and sugar was necessary to ensure the dispersion of particles of dry hydrocolloid powders to prevent sticking when swelling in water at a temperature of 18-20 ° C for 15 minutes. Intense swelling of the mixture occurs in the first 10 minutes of hydration.The degree of swelling reaches 5.8%; further increase in time has almost no effect on the swe-lling process. The swelling kinetics of the hydrocolloid mixture was evaluated by determining the tangent of the angle of inclination tangent to the curve describing the degree of swelling. The rational mass fraction of calcium ions for the formation of a transparent gel of stable, homogeneous, elastic consistency, which is 0.3-0.4% of the 10% solution of calcium chloride, was experimentally established. It was studied that dispersions with a mass fraction of a mixture of alginate: low-esterified pectin substances - 1.8% have a viscous consistency with a dynamic viscosity of less than 0.94 Pa • s, which is important for the implementation of technological operations of transportation and packaging of jelly fillings. The conditions and speed of gelation, which provide the finished culinary products with high sensory cha-racteristics and elastic consistency due to the regulated melting temperature, which is provided by the composition of uronide hydrocolloids, have been studied. It was found that the strength of the gel more than 140 g forms a mixture of hydrocolloids with a mass fraction of from 1.6 to 1.8%.

STUDY OF THE TOTAL CONTENT OF ANTIOXIDANTS, POLYSACCHARIDES, ELEMENT COMPOSITION AND AMINO ACIDS OF VEGETABLE RAW MATERIAL OF RIBES NIGRUM L.

This paper presents information on the total content of antioxidants, polysaccharides, micro and macro elements and amino acids of Ribes nigrum L. leaves. The purpose of this work is to study the chemical composition of Ribes nigrum L. leaves. The flavonoids were quantified spectrophotometrically, pectin substances gravimetrically, and the percentage of functional groups in pectin substances was carried out by the titrimetric method. The determination of the lipid-cholesterol blood profile of pectin substances isolated from of Ribes nigrum L. leaves was performed on 30 rats. The procedure for introducing solutions of the studied pectin substances and cholesterol solution were separated by a 2-hour interval. The total content of antioxidants was determined by amperometric method. The maximum content of antioxidants was revealed in the extraction of Ribes nigrum L. leaves, obtained by extraction with ethyl alcohol 50%. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances from of Ribes nigrum L. leaves is 2.17±0.06 and 9.91±0.28, respectively. The studied pectin substances belong to the group of low esterified pectins. The use of pectin substances from of Ribes nigrum L. leaves contributed to the correction of dyslipidemia. The sum of flavonoids in the analyzed object is 0.67±0.01%. The extraction of Ribes nigrum L. leaves obtained by extraction with purified water revealed aspartic and glutamic acids, alanine, proline, methionine and valine. Based on the data obtained, potassium predominates in the extraction from currants obtained by extraction with ethyl alcohol 70%. During the study, flavonoids, polysaccharides, amino acids, micro and macro elements of Ribes nigrum L. leaves were studied.

Phytochemical characteristics of some plants of Northern Mongolia

The article presents the results of determining the content of pectin substances, organic acids and freesugars in 7 species (8 samples) of plants collected in the steppe regions of Northern Mongolia. These are: Armeniaca sibirica(L.) Lam. – siberian apricot, leaves; Artemisia adamsii Bess. – Adams wormwood, aboveground part; Betula fusca Pallasex Georgi - brown birch, leaves; Iris lactea Pallas, milky white iris, leaves; Polygonatum (Aconogonon) divaricatum L. –spreading knotweed (battering ram), leaves and flowers; Thermopsis dahurica Czefr. – Daurian thermopsis, abovegroundpart; Veronica incana L. – gray-haired Veronica, aboveground part. The studied species comprise a significant amountof pectin substances, citric, acetic, lactic and other organic acids, as well as free sugars: glucose, fructose, sucrose. Thequantitative content of these substances has been determined.

Variety of peach with improved chemical composition of fruits

The results of many years of research on the study of the content of biologically active substances of the peach gene pool in the Nikita Botanical Gardens, which was formed due to its own selection and introduction of cultivars from Europe, China, the USA, various regions of the CIS and Russia, are summarized. The most valuable are cultivars with a complex of biologically valuable substances. They were divided into groups according to the amount of dry matter, sugars, ascorbic acid, titratable acids, leukoanthocyanins, pectin substances in the following combinations: according to two, three, four, five and six indicators in the greatest degree of their manifestation. The group with two distinguished traits included 32 peach cultivars (36,4%), with three - 40 cultivars (45,5%), with four- 14 (15,9%); with five - 1 (1,1%); with six - 1 (1,1%). The number of peach cultivars with a complex of biologically valuable substances in the North China and Iranian ecological-geographical groups was approximately the same (53,4 and 46,6%, respectively). The largest number of such cultivars was noted in the European ecotype of the North China and Iranian groups (52,3 and 37,5%). The method of cluster analysis revealed the degree of similarity between peach cultivars, distinguished by four or more biochemical characteristics, and the best cultivar based on the Euclidean distance.

TECHNOLOGY FOR OBTAINING PECTIN CONCENTRATE FROM ROSEHIP FRUITS

Статья посвящена важности пектиновых веществ, а также расширению сферы использования лекарственного растительного сырья. В качестве лекарственного растительного сырья представлены технологии получения пектинового экстракта из плодов шиповника, которые встречаются на территории Казахстана 25 видов. Применение пектина в медицине. The article is devoted to the importance of pectin substances, as well as to the expansion of the use of medicinal plant raw materials. As a medicinal plant raw material, technologies for obtaining pectin extract from rosehip fruits, which are found in 25 species on the territory of Kazakhstan, are presented. The use of pectin in medicine

Determination of the comprehensive indicator of pastille with the use of multi-component fruit-berry paste

The object of research in this work is the technology of pastille with the addition of multicomponent fruit and berry paste. Pastille are becoming more and more popular in the world for all segments of the population. Usually, the main ingredients for their manufacture are fruit raw materials, a structurant and egg white, therefore, the products contain practically no fat and have a low calorie content. It is proposed to replace 75 % of traditional applesauce in the recipe with a multicomponent fruit and berry paste made from apples, cranberries, hawthorn. It was found that such a composition makes it possible to obtain products with an increased content of pectin substances, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, including anthocyanins, catechins and flavonols. The work is aimed at studying the application of the principles of qualimetry to determine a complex indicator of the quality of pastille For this, the organoleptic and physicochemical indicators of the quality of the developed pastille were taken from previous studies and the chemical composition was determined and the content of biologically active substances was calculated relative to the average daily human need. The content of pectin substances in new products increases 1.7 times and satisfies the average daily human need by 18.2 %. The content of ascorbic acid is 4.2 times higher, which is 20.5 % of the average daily human need, and polyphenols 3.2 times higher – 579.0 %. The data obtained make it possible to consider the developed product functional. The next step was to determine the complex indicator of products by the qualimetric method. For a more complete disclosure of product properties, a structure of pastille quality indicators has been developed – a «tree of properties». Thus, the comprehensive assessment of the quality of the control sample corresponds to the indicator «good» (0.66), while the integrated assessment of pastille with multicomponent paste corresponds to the indicator «very good» (0.98). On the basis of organoleptic, physicochemical indicators and chemical composition of products, it was established that the indicator of a comprehensive assessment of the quality of a pastille with a multicomponent paste, taking into account all group indicators, is 48 % higher compared to the control.

Analysis of the pectin extraction process at recycling of secondary material resources

The object of research is the secondary material resources of processing plant and animal raw materials, namely fruit pomace and milk whey. One of the most problematic areas is that the waste of these industries has high rates of biological and chemical oxygen consumption of wastewater, which significantly impairs the operation of local and city treatment facilities. In addition, the parameters of extraction and determination of the quality indicators of the obtained product are not well defined. The processing of whey and pomace of fruit crops can reduce the environmental burden on the environment and increase the efficiency of technological processes through resource conservation and obtaining a surplus product. The problem is solved, in particular, by using the process of extracting plant waste using milk whey and the process of energy-saving membrane concentration. In the course of the study, let’s use pectin-containing plant waste from juice production, namely watermelon, pumpkin, quince, beetroot, apple and a mixture of orange and tangerine pomace. The results obtained indicate that the process of extracting apple pomace with milk whey is promising, since the highest pectin content in the extract is established for apple pomace. The main amount of pectin substances passes into the extract starting from 75 minutes to 90 minutes. Extraction-hydrolysis for 2 hours at a temperature of 85 °C, pH=2–2.5 units determines the best results. Ultrafiltration of the obtained extract makes it possible to increase the pectin content up to 3.0 % with a protein content of more than 6.0 %. The membranes used in the experiment are characterized by high selectivity for protein and pectin. The fact is established that diafiltration makes it possible to effectively purify whey-pectin concentrates from ballast impurities with simultaneous enrichment of the concentrate with high-molecular components of whey. A technological scheme for the production of pectin-whey concentrate with high organoleptic and detoxification characteristics is proposed. The proposed technological process has a number of positive features, in particular, a high content of pectin substances, high value indicators, a significant reduction in the burden on the environment, economic benefits through energy conservation and obtaining a surplus product.