scholarly journals Box-Behnken Design for Optimization on Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil and Methyl Acetate using Ultrasound Assisted Interesterification Method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Ansori Ansori
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Box Behnken Design

Energy demand is currently increasing in line with technological and economic developments, but not accompanied by an increase in energy reserves. So we need another alternative energy that can be renewed, namely biodiesel. Biodiesel has been produced commercially through the transesterification from vegetable oil with methanol using catalyst that produces esters and glycerol. The formation of glycerol which is by-product can reduce its economic value, so it needs to be done the separation process. Therefore, a new route is proposed in this study, namely the interesterification reaction (non-alcoholic route) using methyl acetate as an alkyl group supplier and potassium methoxide catalyst. The superiority of the product produced by the interesterification reaction is biodiesel with triacetin byproducts which have an economical value and can be added to biodiesel formulations because of their solubility so that no side product separation process is needed. To increase the yield of biodiesel and the interesterification rate, the ultrasound method was used in this study. To optimize the factors that affect the interesterification reaction (molar ratio of methyl acetate to oil, catalyst concentration, temperature, and interesterification time), the Box-Behnken design (BBD) is used. Optimal operating conditions to produce the yields of biodiesel of 98.64 % are at molar ratio of methyl acetate to palm oil of 18.74, catalyst concentration of 1.24 %, temperature of 57.84 °C, and interesterification time of 12.69 minutes.

Optimization of biodiesel synthesis under simultaneous ultrasound-microwave irradiation using response surface methodology (RSM)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mohammad Safieddin Ardebili ◽  
Teymor Tavakoli Hashjin ◽  
Barat Ghobadian ◽  
Gholamhasan Najafi ◽  
Stefano Mantegna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

AbstractThis work investigates the effect of simultaneous ultrasound-microwave irradiation on palm oil transesterification and uncovers optimal operating conditions. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to analyze the influence of reaction conditions, including methanol/palm oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and irradiation time on biodiesel yield. RSM analyses indicate 136 s and 129 s as the optimal sonication and microwave irradiation times, respectively. Optimized parameters for full conversion (97.53%) are 1.09% catalyst concentration and a 7:3.1 methanol/oil molar ratio at 58.4°C. Simultaneous ultrasound-microwave irradiation dramatically accelerates the palm oil transesterification reaction. Pure biodiesel was obtained after only 2.2 min while the conventional method requires about 1 h.

scholarly journals Performance of novel dielectric barrier discharge reactor for biodiesel production from palm oil and ethanol

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari Dafinah Ramadhani ◽  
Saphira Nurina Fakhri ◽  
Setijo Bismo
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Dbd Plasma ◽  
Spiral Coil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

The disadvantages of conventional biodiesel synthesis trigger the birth of new biodiesel synthesis methods using the DBD plasma reactor. The conventional methods with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts have significant constraints that the formation of glycerol compounds in large enough quantities that require considerable energy. The aim of present experiment is to design DBD non-thermal plasma reactor coaxial pipe type and to do its performance test in converting biodiesel The feed stock used are palm oil, ethanol, and argon gas as plasma carrier. Such a chemical reactor, this plasma reactor is also influenced by reaction kinetics and hydrodynamic factors. From this research, it can be seen that the optimum feed and gas flowrate being operated is 1.64 and 41.67 mL/s. The plasma reactor is used in the form of a quartz glass tube surrounded by a SS-314 spiral coil as an outer electrode. The applied operating conditions are 1 : 1 molar ratio of methanol/oil, ambient temperature of 28 - 30 °C, and pressure 1 bar. From this performance test, it is found that this plasma reactor can be used to synthesize biodiesel from palm oil and methanol without catalyst, no formation of soap, and minimal byproducts.

scholarly journals Low-Cost Alternative Biodiesel Production Apparatus Based on Household Food Blender for Continuous Biodiesel Production for Small Communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijittra Wongjaikham ◽  
Doonyapong Wongsawaeng ◽  
Vareeporn Ratnitsai ◽  
Manita Kamjam ◽  
Kanokwan Ngaosuwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Reaction Volume ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Production Apparatus

Abstract Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are sustainable biofuel that can alleviate high oil cost and environmental impacts of petroleum-based fuel. A modified 1,200 W high efficiency fruit blender was employed for continuous transesterification of various refined vegetable oils and waste cooking oil (WCO) using sodium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst. The following factors have been investigated on their effects on FAME yield: baffles, reaction volume, total reactant flow rate, methanol-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Results indicated that the optimal conditions were: 2,000 mL reaction volume, 50 mL/min total flow rate, 1% and 1.25% catalyst concentration for refined palm oil and WCO, respectively, 6:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 62 - 63oC, obtaining yield efficiency over 96.5% FAME yield of 21.14 ´ 10-4 g.J-1 (for palm oil) and 19.39 ´ 10-4 g.J-1 (for WCO). All the properties of produced FAMEs meet the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The modified household fruit blender could be a practical and low-cost alternative biodiesel production apparatus for continuous biodiesel production for small communities in remote areas.

scholarly journals BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM PALM OIL USING HOMOGENEOUS CATAYST SYSTEM

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 3807-3815
Author(s):  
Yee Ching Wong ◽  
Nurfarhana Suib ◽  
Nurfarhana Suib
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Catalyst System ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Smoke Emission ◽  
Homogenous Catalyst ◽  
Petroleum Reserves

Due to the depletion of petroleum reserves and environmental concern, biodiesel has emerged as one of the most potential energy to replace petroleum. It is a renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel which can be easily produced through transesterification. Transesterification of palm oil with methanol has been studied in a homogenous catalyst system using different catalysts (CaCO3, SrCO3 and BaCO3). The effects of concentration catalyst (0.25 %w/w-1.5 %w/w) and molar ratio of methanol to oil (3:1-21:1) on biodiesel yield and conversion of FFA to FAME was investigated. From this study, SrCO3 gave better yields of FAME while CaCO3 gave better conversion of FFA to FAME. The lowest yield of FAME was recorded at catalyst concentration of 0.25 %w/w while the highest yield of FAME was at 1.25 %w/w. The lowest conversion of FFA to FAME was at 0.25 %w/w and the highest conversion at catalyst concentration of 0.75 %w/w. For the molar ratio of methanol to oil, the minimum yield of FAME at 21: while the maximum yield of FAME was obtained at 3:1. The minimum conversion of FFA to FAME was recorded at 3:1 molar ratio methanol to oil. However, maximum conversion was recorded at 15:1 molar ratio methanol to oil. This study revealed that biodiesel was successfully reduced 52.3 % opacity level of smoke emission by diesel engine that operated with petroleum diesel.

Biodiesel Production From Waste Palm Oil Using Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Derived Novel Carbon Acid Catalyst

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. I. Thushari ◽  
S. Babel
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Carbon Acid

Production of biodiesel from waste palm oil (WPO) can provide alternative energy and at the same time reduce the problems created by disposal of WPO. In this study, a novel, inexpensive, and environmental benign carbon acid catalyst is prepared by direct in situ concentrated H2SO4 impregnation of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) powder and employed for biodiesel production using WPO. The structure and the physiochemical properties of the prepared catalyst (PEFB-DS-SO3H) are analyzed by acid-base back titration data, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDS), SEM, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and using N2 adsorption and desorption isotherm data. It is observed that the catalyst has a unique amorphous structure with total acid density of 5.40 mmolg−1, surface area of 5.5 m2g−1, and 0.31 cm3g−1 pore volume. In addition, FT-IR, XPS, and EDS results confirm a successful sulfonation during the catalyst preparation. It is found that fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield increases with increasing methanol:oil (molar ratio) and reaction time up to an optimum value. The highest biodiesel yield of 91% is reported under reaction conditions of 5 wt % catalyst, 14:1 methanol: oil (molar ratio), at 65–70 °C after 14 h in an open reflux system. Results show that the catalyst can be reused for four consecutive cycles without significant loss of catalytic activity. Fuel properties of the produced biodiesel are compatible with the international fuel standards for biodiesel.

scholarly journals Low-cost alternative biodiesel production apparatus based on household food blender for continuous biodiesel production for small communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijittra Wongjaikham ◽  
Doonyapong Wongsawaeng ◽  
Vareeporn Ratnitsai ◽  
Manita Kamjam ◽  
Kanokwan Ngaosuwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Volume ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Production Apparatus

AbstractFatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are sustainable biofuel that can alleviate high oil costs and environmental impacts of petroleum-based fuel. A modified 1200 W high-efficiency food blender was employed for continuous transesterification of various refined vegetable oils and waste cooking oil (WCO) using sodium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst. The following factors have been investigated on their effects on FAME yield: baffles, reaction volume, total reactant flow rate, methanol-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Results indicated that the optimal conditions were: 2000 mL reaction volume, 50 mL/min total flow rate, 1% and 1.25% catalyst concentration for refined palm oil and WCO, respectively, 6:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 62–63 °C, obtaining yield efficiency over 96.5% FAME yield of 21.14 × 10–4 g/J (for palm oil) and 19.39 × 10–4 g/J (for WCO). All the properties of produced FAMEs meet the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The modified household food blender could be a practical and low-cost alternative biodiesel production apparatus for continuous biodiesel production for small communities in remote areas.

Alternative Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production

2012 ◽  
Vol 730-732 ◽  
pp. 623-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Ribeiro ◽  
Joana Carvalho ◽  
Joana Castro ◽  
Jorge Araújo ◽  
Cândida Vilarinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
World Population ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Feedstock

The increasing in the world population has continuously increased the energy demand. As an effective fuel, petroleum has been serving the world to meet its energy needs. Continued use of petroleum sourced fuels is widely recognized as unsustainable because of depleting supplies and all the environmental issues around its use could be responsible for a major deficit in the future. Thus, the development of alternative energy sources, are to be welcomed. Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, has many benefits. It is biodegradable, non-toxic and compared to petroleum-based diesel, has a more favorable combustion emission profile, such as low emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons. In brief, these merits make biodiesel a good alternative to petroleum based fuel. The use of alternative feedstock as waste cooking oils (WCO), bovine fats and microalgae oil for biodiesel production has some advantages. It is cheaper than edible vegetable oils and it is a way to valorize a sub-product. Nevertheless, these oils has some contaminants, which can reduce the quality of biodiesel, a problem that was solved by testing different operating conditions and equipment designs for each stage of processing. The technological assessment of this process was carried out to evaluate their technical benefits, limitations and quality of final product. In this work biodiesel was produced by an alkali-catalyzed transesterification, a reaction involving the WCO feedstock and an alcohol to yield fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol. The evaluation of quality from raw materials and final biodiesel was performed according to standard EN 14214. Results show that all parameters analyzed meet the standard and legislation requirements. This evidence proves that in those operating conditions the biodiesel produced from WCO, bovine fats and microalgae can substitute petroleum-based diesel.

scholarly journals TRANSESTERIFICATION OF PALM OIL USING THE TiO2/nano-MONMORILLORITE (nano-MMT) COMPOSITE CATALYST FROM ACEH TAMIANG BENTONITE IN THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Teuku Andi Fadlly ◽  
Ida Ratna Nila ◽  
Nirmala Sari
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Composite Catalyst ◽  
Solid State Method ◽  
Animal Fats

Transesterification of palm oil using a TiO2/nano-Monmorillorite (nano-MMT) composite catalyst from Aceh Tamiang bentonite in Biodiesel production has been carried out. Biodiesel is bioenergy obtained from vegetable oils, animal fats, microorganisms, and plants. This is alternative energy to replace fossil fuels, especially diesel oil. Biodiesel is proven to be more environmentally friendly in reducing hydrocarbon and sulfur emissions. In this study, TiO2 will be composited with nano-MMT using the solid-state method and analyzed using XRD. Both of these materials are used as catalysts for biodiesel production. The transesterification process will be used in the production of biodiesel, where the molar ratio of palm oil to methanol is 1:12. TiO2/nano-MMT composite catalyst will be varied (2 and 4 grams). Biodiesel samples will be analyzed using GC-MS. The results obtained show that the TiO2/nano-MMT composite catalyst from Aceh Tamiang bentonite can convert Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) from palm oil. The 2 grams of the composite catalyst produced biodiesel of 89.38% and 4 grams of 64.88%.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Using Adsorption of Homogeneous Catalysts over Solid Sodium Silicate

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 2396-2399
Author(s):  
Passawron Krongtanin ◽  
Anurak Petiraksakul
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Recycle ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Alternative Energy Resources

Biodiesel is an alternative energy resources, which produced from transesterification of oils and alcohols using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Ultrasonic was used as pre-mixer for KOH, Na2SiO3, palm oil and methanol before increasing the reaction temperature to 60°C using a water bath. All experiments were conducted at a molar ratio of methanol:oil of 6:1, reaction time of 60 min, reaction temperature of 60C and well mixing. The suspension was filtered after the end of the reaction. Purified biodiesel was obtained by water washing processes after crude biodiesel was separated from glycerol by 2 hr standing in a separating funnel. Filter solid cake was instantly used as supporter in next batch of the reaction. Effects of four variables, namely, pre-mixing period in the range of 0-10 s, number of filter cake recycle (2-4 cycles), sonicator power (10-90% of max. power of 200 watt and 20 kHz) and amount of KOH addition (0.25-0.75 g) were investigated. Response surface methodology was employed to evaluate and optimize the biodiesel production processes using Na2SiO3adsorbed with KOH as catalyst. The design of experiment was carried out using the MINITAB RELEASE 16 and a result of 31 experiments was suggested to be made. The result showed the optimum condition of pre-mixing period of 14 s, the number of catalyst recycle to be 2 cycle, sonicator power of 36.3%and KOH addition of 0.3 g.

Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 550-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warakom Suwanthai ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Pilanee Vaithanomsat
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Quick Lime ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

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