scholarly journals Performance-based Optimal Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Kalateh-Ahani ◽  
Arman Sarani
Keyword(s):  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Construction Cost ◽  
Performance Based Design ◽  
Permanent Displacement ◽  
Extreme Loads ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls ◽  
Structural Engineers

Modern buildings should provide some degree of safety against severe earthquakes. However, it is not economically feasible to construct buildings that withstand extreme loads without avoiding damage. In performance-based design, structural engineers and owners work together to achieve the best possible balance between construction cost and seismic performance. In this study, by employing a metaheuristic optimization, we have tried to extend the concept of performance-based design to retaining wall structures. According to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, permanent displacement of retaining structures are tolerable, as long as the movement does not lead to unacceptable damage to the structure or facilities located in or near the moving earth. The decision on performance expectations needs to be made by owners with structural engineers providing a realistic assessment of the cost of designing to avoid the movement. To make this assessment possible, we developed a multi-objective optimization framework for simultaneous minimization of the construction cost and the permanent displacement of cantilever retaining walls. The effectiveness of the proposed framework was evaluated in the design of a typical cantilever retaining wall of 8 meters in height, once with both a toe and heel slab and once with either of them. The results indicated that obtaining the Pareto front of optimal solutions for these objectives, provides useful information that helps owners to select a solution that is the most economical in a trade-off between the construction cost and performance expectation.

scholarly journals Review on “Assessment of the effect of lateral dynamic forces on rcc cantilever l-shaped and t-shaped retaining wall with height variations”

2021 ◽  
Vol 1197 (1) ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
Jayesh Harode ◽  
Kuldeep Dabhekar ◽  
P.Y. Pawade ◽  
Isha Khedikar
Keyword(s):  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Earth Pressure ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Present Design ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Manual Calculation

Abstract It is now becoming very essential to analyse the behaviour of retaining structures due to their wide infrastructural applications. The important factors which are affecting the stability of the retaining wall are the distribution of earth pressure on the wall, material of backfill & its reaction against earth pressure. There are several types of retaining walls, out of them the cantilever retaining wall is adopted for present design and study. In this paper, the study of literature based on the design of the cantilever retaining walls under seismic or dynamic conditions is studied. From the studied literature, many authors performed their calculations in Excel sheets by a manual method. Then the Results obtained from the manual calculation are then validated in STAAD pro. Several authors show the calculated quantity of steel and concrete required for various heights of walls. It is also concluded from the study that the design of cantilever retaining wall is suitable, safe, and economical up to a height of 6m, after that banding moment at toe increases. Some authors have also shown the calculated factor of safety for different height conditions. From the study of mentioned literature, we can recommended to also show the graph of bending moment with height variation. Both the designs are done for various heights ranging from 3 m to 6 m.

scholarly journals Performance of Retaining Walls with Compressible Inclusions under Seismic Loading

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 2474-2488
Author(s):  
Abdelkader Dram ◽  
Sadok Benmebarek ◽  
Umashankar Balunaini
Keyword(s):  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Rigid Earth ◽  
Experimental Findings

This paper investigates the possible application of recycled tyre shreds as compressible inclusion behind retaining walls under dynamic loading. It is a novel method to reduce the magnitude of earthquake-induced dynamic forces against rigid earth retaining wall structures. A numerical model to analyze the behavior of retaining walls with compressible cushion was developed in PLAXIS 2D, a two-dimensional finite element analysis based software, and the results were validated by comparison with experimental findings from physical models. The study evaluates the effects of thickness of compressible cushion and the friction angle of the backfill on the seismic performance of retaining walls. To assess the effect of frequency on wall performance with and without cushion, the wall was subjected to 15 cycles of sinusoidal excitation with acceleration amplitudes of 0.1g to 0.3g at a frequency of 7 Hz. The results from the numerical analysis indicate that the permanent displacements of the wall were reduced in the range of 38% to 52% and the horizontal earth pressures were reduced by about 55% to 76% due to the presence of tyre shreds as a compressible cushion between the wall and backfill. Results showed that the dynamic load against the retaining wall can be considerably reduced through the proposed technique. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091631 Full Text: PDF

IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHOD OF CALCULATING THE STRESS-STATE AND STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES OF HYDRAULIC CORNER RETAINING WALLS WITH INTER-BLOCK JOINTS TAKING

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
S. E. LISICHKIN ◽  
◽  
O.D. RUBIN ◽  
F. A. PASHCHENKO ◽  
N. S. KHARKOV
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Transverse Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structures ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Inclined Cracks

Corner retaining walls are one of the most common structures of waterworks. Most of them were designed and built several decades ago and have been in operation for a long time. In some cases, there is a deviation from the design prerequisites and the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls is required. The main reason for these deviations is incomplete consideration of the characteristic features of retaining wall structures (including horizontal inter-block joints and secondary inclined cracks), as well as the nature of the loads acting on them. As a result, design horizontal transverse reinforcement is practically not installed in retaining walls that is not required by calculation based on traditional calculation methods.Traditional reinforcement schemes for retaining walls do not provide for the presence of horizontal inter-block joints and horizontal transverse reinforcement. As a result of the research carried out,the method for calculating the stress-strain state and strength of reinforced concrete structures of corner retaining walls with inter-block joints has been improved taking into account secondary stresses. Reinforcement schemes for retaining walls have also been improved.

scholarly journals PEMODELAN DINDING CANTILEVER PENAHAN TANAH MENGGUNAKAN SAP 2000 DENGAN MENGANALISA KUAT TEKAN TERHADAP VARIASI BEBAN (STUDI KASUS DI RUAS JALAN BALEROJO KALEGEN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Jefrizal Sihombing ◽  
Yoga Satria I ◽  
Amelia Rosana Putri ◽  
Widya Utama
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Front Wall ◽  
The Real ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Distributed Load ◽  
Heel Width ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls

The modeling of retaining wall is adapted to the real conditions on Balerejo Kalegen Street. This wall modeling uses a Cantilever type wall which has a height of 550 cm and a width of 385 cm which is useful for calculating the minimum strength of a cantilever wall for retaining the soil on the Balerejo Kalegen road. In addition, this wall is modeled to have a width of 55 cm, a heel width of 130 cm, a foot width of 130 cm, the width of the next leg is 100 cm, with a wall that enters it is 50 cm and using evenly distributed load variations has been adjusted where the load used is the burden amounting to 11,138, 5.5, 0.3869 tons. When inputting data into SAP 2000 beforehand, calculations must be made related to the force that will affect the wall, then modeling the walls according to the Cantilever shape. After that, Cantilever wall that has been made can be calculated compressive strength and shear strength where the compressive strength of the front wall with an average of 175,154 tons m, the back with an average of 62,666 tons m, the average front heel 866,054 tons m , and the back heel averages 910,463 tons m. Keywords: Cantilever, Retaining Walls, SAP 2000.

scholarly journals Kajian Stabilitas Lereng dengan Perkuatan Geotekstil dan Dinding Penahan Tanah Kantilever di Ruas Jalan Padang-Lb. Selasih Sumatera Barat

CANTILEVER ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Syahril Alzahri ◽  
Adiguna ◽  
Bimo Brata Adhitya ◽  
Yulindasari Sutejo ◽  
Reffanda Kurniawan Rustam
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Safety Factor ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Base Plate ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Landslide Hazards ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sliding Stability ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls ◽  
Plate Width

A typical relatively steep slope makes the Lb. Selasih – Bts. Kota Padang KM.29+650 experienced a landslide in 2017. So, it is necessary to strengthen the slope to overcome the landslide. Alternative slope reinforcement used is reinforcement using cantilever retaining walls or geotextiles. Slope stability analysis before and after were analyzed using the Slope/W program. The output produced by Slope/W program is the value of the safety factor. The safety factor value for the state of the original slope is 1.100. It shows that the slope in the original condition is unstable and vulnerable to landslide hazards. The retaining wall has a height of 11 m and a base plate width of 8 m. The results of the analysis showed that the cantilever retaining wall securely with stands shear, rolling, and bearing capacity of the subgrade with a safety factor value of 1.620; 1.550; 2.160, while geotextile reinforcement has a height of 16 m and an ultimate tensile strength of 200 kN / m. The results of the analysis showed that the reinforcement of the geotextile safely sliding, stability, and bearing capacity of the subgrade with a safety factor value of 1.600; 2.330; 2.860. Both of these reinforcements are safe to stabilize the slope by increasing the value of the slope safety factor by 2.235 for strengthening the cantilevered retaining wall and 2.279 for strengthening the geotextile.

scholarly journals A Review of the Methods Calculating the Horizontal Displacement for Modular Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8681
Author(s):  
Xiaoguang Cai ◽  
Shaoqiu Zhang ◽  
Sihan Li ◽  
Honglu Xu ◽  
Xin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Reinforced Soil ◽  
Peak Acceleration ◽  
Permanent Displacement ◽  
Displacement Prediction ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Yield Acceleration ◽  
Soil Retaining Walls

Most of the damage to reinforced retaining walls is caused by excessive deformation; however, there is no calculation method for deformation under static and dynamic loads in the design codes of reinforced soil retaining walls. In this paper, by collecting the measured displacement data from four actual projects, four indoor prototype tests and two indoor model tests under a total of 10 static load conditions, and comparing the calculation results with seven theoretical methods, the results show that the FHWA method is more applicable to the permanent displacement prediction of indoor prototype tests and that the CTI method is more applicable to the permanent displacement prediction of actual projects and indoor model tests. Two yield acceleration calculation methods and four permanent displacement calculation formulas were selected to calculate the displacement response of two reinforced soil test models under seismic loads and compared with the measured values, and the results showed that the Ausilio yield acceleration solution method was better. When the input peak acceleration ranges from 0.1 to 0.6 g, the Richards and Elms upper limit method is used, and when the input peak acceleration is 0.6–1.0 g, the Newmark upper limit method can predict the permanent displacement of the retaining wall more accurately.

scholarly journals Investigation of optimal designs for concrete cantilever retaining walls in different soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esra Uray ◽  
Serdar Çarbaş ◽  
İbrahim Hakkı Erkan ◽  
Murat Olgun
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm ◽  
Artificial Bee Colony ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Stability Conditions ◽  
Bee Colony ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls

In this paper, the investigation of the optimum designs for two types of concrete cantilever retaining walls was performed utilizing the artificial bee colony algorithm. Stability conditions like safety factors sliding, overturning and bearing capacity and some geometric instances due to inherent of the wall were considered as the design constraints. The effect of the existence of the key in wall design on the objective function was probed for changeable properties of foundation and backfill soils. In optimization analysis, wall concrete weight which directly affect parameters such as carbon dioxide emission and the cost was considered as the objective function and analyzes were performed according to different discrete design variables. The optimum concrete cantilever retaining wall designs satisfying constraints of stability conditions and geometric instances were obtained for different soil cases. Optimum designs of concrete cantilever retaining wall with the key were attained in some soil cases which were not found the feasible optimum solution of the concrete cantilever retaining wall. Results illustrate that the artificial bee colony algorithm was a favorable metaheuristic optimization method to gain optimum designs of concrete cantilever retaining wall.

scholarly journals Effects of Geofoam Panels on Static Behavior of Cantilever Retaining Wall

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navid Hasanpouri Notash ◽  
Rouzbeh Dabiri
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Study ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Static Behavior ◽  
Static Loads ◽  
Static Performance ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls ◽  
Better Than

Geofoam is one of the geosynthetic products that can be used in geotechnical applications. According to researches, expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam placed directly against a rigid retaining wall has been proposed as a strategy to reduce static loads on the wall. This study employed a finite difference analysis using a 2-D FLAC computer program by considering yielding and nonyielding states for retaining walls to explore the effectiveness of geofoam panels in improving the static performance of cantilever retaining walls. Retaining walls at heights of 3, 6, and 9 meters and geofoam panels with densities of 15, 20, and 25 (kg/m3) at three relative thicknesses of t/H = 0.05, 0.2, and 0.4 were modelled in this numerical study. In addition, the performance of the double EPS buffer system, which involves two vertical geofoam panels, in retaining walls’ stability with four panel spacing (50, 100, 150, and 200 cm) was also evaluated in this research. The results showed that use of EPS15 with density equal to 15 (kg/m3) which has the lowest density among other geofoam panels has a significant role in reduction of lateral stresses, although the performance of geofoam in nonyielding retaining walls is better than yielding retaining walls.

scholarly journals Optimal Design of Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Retaining Walls Utilizing Eleven Meta-Heuristic Algorithms: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kaveh ◽  
Kiarash Biabani Hamedani ◽  
Taha Bakhshpoori
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Loading Condition ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls

In this paper, optimum design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls is performed under static and dynamic loading conditions utilizing eleven population-based meta-heuristic algorithms. These algorithms consist of Artificial Bee Colony algorithm, Big Bang-Big Crunch algorithm, Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization algorithm, Imperialist Competitive Algorithm, Cuckoo Search algorithm, Charged System Search algorithm, Ray Optimization algorithm, Tug of War Optimization algorithm, Water Evaporation Optimization algorithm, Vibrating Particles System algorithm, and Cyclical Parthenogenesis Algorithm. Two well-known methods consisting of the Rankine and Coulomb methods are used to determine lateral earth pressures acting on cantilever retaining wall under static loading condition. In addition, Mononobe-Okabe method is employed for dynamic loading condition. The design is based on ACI 318-05 and the goal of optimization is to minimize the cost function of the cantilever retaining wall. The performance of the utilized algorithms is investigated through an optimization example of cantilever retaining wall. In addition, convergence histories of the algorithms are provided for better understanding of their performance.

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