scholarly journals The Phenomena of Superconductivity, According to the New Axioms and Laws

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Longitudinal Vortex ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Complex Vector ◽  
Single Axiom

The article describes the application of brand new field type through New Axioms and Laws. The present study uses Expanded Field Theory. It changes the Classic Field Theory to a much more general theory that consists of 2 new axioms and 8 laws. It was described from previous works of the same author .In this report is used only 2 axioms and 6 laws only. It is known that Maxwell’s laws (1864) are based on a single axiom [1]. It states that the movement in a closed loop leads to evenly movement (with constant speed) of a vector E: div rot E = 0. The author change this axiom with a new one, according which the movement in an open loop or vortex leads to unevenly movement (with variable speed) of a vector E: div rot E ≠ 0, div V or E ≠ 0 for vortex [2]. The subsequent results are: the evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement which can be decelerating or accelerating; in 2D it exists a cross vortex and in 3D it exists a longitudinal vortex ;the cross vortex in 2D is transformed to a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a transformation Δ1; the longitudinal vortex in 3D is transformed to a cross vortex in 2D through special transformation Δ2; decelerating vortex emits free cross vortices to the environment that are called “free energy”; accelerating vortex sucks the same ones free cross vortices and so on. The vector E is not a simple .It turns to be a complex vector: E=A+iV, E=V+ iA or E=-A-iV, E= -V- iA. It can has or amplitude A in a real part, or velocity V as a real part. Cross vortices can form two kinds vortices: a vortex that is generated by amplitude A and the vortex that is generated by velocity V. Each of these may be accelerating or decelerating .Both of them are generators. They are prototypes of material particles. Due to the suction of cross vortices by the accelerating vortex the temperature decreases and due to the emitting of cross vortices by the decelerating field the temperature increases. Inside of the conductor the velocity of Electromagnetic field is constant. On the periphery it decelerates because of resistance to the wall of conductor. This report offers a specific application of the above theory. In order to understand the nature of superconductivity we have to t understand first the nature of conductivity by conductor. Then we can very easily model a superconductor by constructing it orthogonally on the conductor.

scholarly journals New Axioms and Laws

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Longitudinal Vortex ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Complementary Pair ◽  
Longitudinal Vortices ◽  
Special Transformation ◽  
Single Axiom

This report contains 2 new axioms and 8 laws. It predicts to include except the Electromagnetic Field and other unknown and unexplored fields, for example the Gravity Field. As it is well known the Classic Field Theory is described mostly by Theory of Electromagnetic Field. The Electromagnetic Field is described by Maxwell’s laws (1864). The Maxwell’s laws are certified by a single axiom which claims that the movement of a vector E in a closed loop (div rot E = 0) is evenly. The author replaces this axiom with a new one, according to which the movement of a vector E in an open loop (div rot E ≠ 0) or an open vortex (div Vor E ≠ 0) is unevenly. If the vortex is in plane (2D), it is named a cross vortex. If the vortex is in volume (3D), it is named a longitudinal vortex. Something more- each vortex can be decelerating (div (VorE) <0) or accelerating (div(VorE)> 0). After the first axiom are obtained immediately 4 types of movements – cross vortex, which can be accelerating or decelerating and longitudinal vortex, which can also be accelerating or decelerating. The following results are obtained : evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement (decelerating or accelerating); movement in a closed loop is replaced with movement in an open loop or vortex ; a cross vortex in 2D generates a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a special transformation and vice versa- the longitudinal vortex in 3D through another special transformation generates a cross vortex in 2D; the decelerating vortex emits primary vortices to environment, but the accelerating vortex sucks into the same primary vortices from environment; the accelerating longitudinal vortices are attracted to one another, as the faster vortex is inserted into the slower and thus form a funnel, which is the model of gravity funnel. It should be noted, in particular, the results of the second axiom. It claims that two complex (cross-longitudinal) vortex objects in 3D that work in one direction as one complementary pair, are existed simultaneously. This way they are obtained 2 pairs of complementary objects in both directions. As a final result are received many models with similar shapes and content. For example, the pair in one direction of complex complementary vortex objects is a model of the electron-proton chain, and in the opposite direction is an antiproton-positron chain model.

scholarly journals Expanded Field Theory. New Axioms, Laws and Consequences

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Longitudinal Vortex ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Complementary Pair ◽  
Longitudinal Vortices ◽  
Special Transformation ◽  
Single Axiom

The present study attempts to expand the Classic Field Theory to a more general theory of the field. This more general field theory is named Expanded Field Theory. This new theory contains 2 new axioms and 8 laws. It predicts to include the gravitational field and other unknown and unexplored fields. As it is well known the Classic Field Theory is described mostly by Theory of Electromagnetic Field. The Electromagnetic Field is described by Maxwell’s laws (1864). The Maxwell’s laws are certified by a single axiom which claims that the movement of a vector E in a closed loop (div rot E = 0) is evenly. The author replaces this axiom with a new one, according to which the movement of a vector E in an open loop (div rot E ≠ 0) or an open vortex (div Vor E ≠ 0) is unevenly. If the vortex is in plane (2D), it is named a cross vortex. If the vortex is in volume (3D), it is named a longitudinal vortex. Something more- each vortex can be decelerating (div (VorE) <0) or accelerating (div (VorE)> 0). After the first axiom are obtained immediately 4 types of movements – cross vortex , which can be accelerating or decelerating and longitudinal vortex , which can also be accelerating or decelerating. The following results are obtained : evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement (decelerating or accelerating); movement in a closed loop is replaced with movement in an open loop or vortex ; a cross vortex in 2D generates a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a special transformation and vice versa- the longitudinal vortex in 3D through another special transformation generates a cross vortex in 2D; the decelerating vortex emits primary vortices to environment, but the accelerating vortex sucks into the same primary vortices from environment ; the accelerating longitudinal vortices are attracted to one another, as the faster is inserted into the slower and thus form a funnel- this is the model of gravity funnel . It should be noted, in particular, the results of the second axiom. It claims that two complex (cross- longitudinal) vortex objects in 3D that work in one direction as one complementary pair, are existed simultaneously. This way they are obtained 2 pairs of complementary objects in both directions. As a final result are received many models with similar shapes and content. For example, the pair in one direction of complex complementary vortex objects is a model of the electron-proton chain, and in the opposite direction is an antiproton-positron chain model.

scholarly journals About the Phenomenon of Free Energy, Described by the New Axioms and Laws

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Longitudinal Vortex ◽  
Acceleration Process ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
External Observer ◽  
Longitudinal Vortices ◽  
Single Axiom ◽  
New Type

I decided to follow the advice of the great Einstein and to try changing the way of thinking. The article describes brand new field type through new axioms and laws. The present study uses Expanded Field Theory. It changes the Classic Field Theory to a much more general theory that consists of two new axioms and eight laws. It was described from previous works of the same author. In this report is used only one (first) axiom and six laws. It is known that Maxwell’s laws (1864) are based on a single axiom [1]. It states that the movement in a closed loop leads to evenly movement (with constant speed) of a vector E: div rot E= 0. The author change this axiom with a new one, according which the movement in an open loop or vortex leads to unevenly movement (with variable speed) of a vector E: div rot E ≠ 0, div Vor E ≠ 0 for vortex [2]. The subsequent results are: the evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement which can be decelerating or accelerating; in 2D there is a cross vortex and in 3D there is a longitudinal vortex; the cross vortex in 2D is transformed to a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a transformation Δ1; the longitudinal vortex in 3D is transformed to a cross vortex in 2D through another special transformation Δ2; decelerating vortex emits free cross vortices to the environment that are called “free energy”; accelerating vortex sucks the same ones free cross vortices and so on. Cross vortices are visible to an external observer because they reflect the sun’s rays but longitudinal vortices are invisible because they diffract (do not reflect) sun’s rays. The vector E is not a simple .It turns to be a complex vector: E= A+iV, E=V+ iA or E= -A-iV, E= -V- iA. It can has or amplitude A, or velocity V as a real part. Cross vortices can form two kinds’ vortices: a vortex that is generated by amplitude A and the vortex that is generated by velocity V. Each of these may be accelerating or decelerating and both of them are generators. They are prototypes of material particles. Due to the suction of cross vortices by the accelerating vortex the temperature decreases and due to the emitting of cross vortices by the decelerating field the temperature increases. Inside of the conductor the velocity of Electromagnetic field is constant (v max=c). On the periphery it decelerates because of resistance to the wall of conductor .So an increase in the size of voltage leads only to an increase in the size of current but not to an increase in the velocity. This report offers a new type of field - accelerating field .It suck in free cross vortices that are called “free energy” from environment. The mechanism of Positive Feedback turns acceleration process to a generation process.

scholarly journals Application of cross vortices, according the new Axioms and Laws

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
External Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Longitudinal Vortex ◽  
Longitudinal Motion ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Linear Processes ◽  
High Acceleration ◽  
Single Axiom ◽  
Em Field

This article reveals of an application of a theory of nonparametric and nonlinear processes. This theory is described by new axioms and laws which include 2 new axioms and 8 new laws. They were explained in previous reports by the same author. This new theory expands the Classic Field Theory which is about parametric and linear processes. The theory of new axiom and laws is a more general theory because it consists new philosophy as nonparametric decoding, new objects as an accelerating or a decelerating field and new forms of movement as transverse and longitudinal motion. In present report are used 2 axioms and 5 laws only. It is known that Maxwell’s laws (1864) are based on a single axiom [1]. It states that the movement in a closed loop leads to evenly movement (with constant speed) of a vector E: div rot E = 0. The author changes this classic axiom with a new Axiom 1. According to the new Axiom1 the movement in an open loop (div rot E ≠ 0) or vortex (div Vor E ≠ 0) leads to unevenly movement (with variable speed) of a vector E [2]. The subsequent results are: the evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement which can be decelerating or accelerating. According to subsequent laws: the cross vortex in 2D is transformed to a longitudinal vortex in 3D (transformation Δ1) and inversely (transformation Δ2); decelerating vortex emits free cross vortices to the environment; accelerating vortex sucks the same ones and so on. The electron is a model that contains a decelerating cross vortex from outside to inside and emits free cross vortices into the environment. The proton is a model that is generated by an accelerating cross vortex from inside to outside and sucks these the same free cross vortices from the environment. According to the Axiom 2 the decelerating (electron) and accelerating (proton) vortices form a resonant circle. In this circle they exchange their energy (accelerating and decelerating) along the real connection and exchange the mass of free vortices (emitted and sucked) along feedback. These free cross vortices then self-organize into something like primary dipoles which resemble electrons but in very smaller scale. The passive primary dipoles resemble electrons from the inner orbits of the atom which are contracted balls with a minimal polarization. This is the reason that these primary dipoles do not react to the amplitude of an applied external Electromagnetic Field. But they react instantly at high acceleration of the EM field. The reason is that the high acceleration strongly polarizes the passive primary dipole (ball), turns it to an active dipole (toroid) and directs it to the active pole of the EM field. In this article is described Nikola Tesla's approach about using of free cross vortices called” free energy”.

Essence of Electric Charge of elementary particles according of New axioms and Laws

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electron Pair ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Longitudinal Vortex ◽  
Uniform Motion ◽  
Variable Velocity ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
External Observer ◽  
Closed Circle ◽  
The Waves

Two new Axioms and eight new Laws have been proposed and developed in previous reports. This report uses both axioms and only four laws. According to the first axiom (Axiom1), we can replace uniform motion in a closed circle with non-uniform motion in an open vortex. According to the second axiom (Axiom2), there are pairs of vortices that are mutually orthogonal or they tend to work in a system by a special type of resonance. Of all the variants of vortex pairs, the most probable is the pair: accelerating vortex from the center outwards connected with a delayed vortex from the periphery inwards. This pair is a model of the connected proton-electron pair. The behavior of a free electron and a proton in an Electromagnetic Field is studied. Actually like a cross vortex from outside to inside the electron will be directed to the positive pole. Therefore, an external observer who does not know what the internal structure of the electron is will think and will be deceived that the electron carries a negative charge. The exact opposite is observed for the proton. The properties of a system of linked electrons and protons are also studied. It is known that the Electromagnetic Field propagates at a constant speed and when pulsating the waves are only transverse. According to the new Axioms and Laws in the electron-proton system, the internal connections are of variable speed and when pulsating, the waves are not only transverse and longitudinal. Because the Electromagnetic field is only transverse at a constant speed , it appears that the interaction between the proton and the electron is not Electromagnetic but some other interaction. The interaction between the protons includes cross vortex with variable velocity and longitudinal vortex with variable velocity

scholarly journals Closed-loop speed control of switched reluctance motor drive fed from novel converter with reduced number of switches

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Ashok Kumar Kolluru ◽  
Malligunta Kiran Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Speed Control ◽  
Switched Reluctance Motor ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Motor Drive ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Open Loop System ◽  
Switched Reluctance ◽  
Reluctance Motor ◽  
Converter Topology

This paper presents a novel converter configuration with fewer for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. The proposed novel converter insists for less number of switches compared to conventional asymmetrical type of converter configuration for switched reluctance motor. Switch count reduction in converter reduces the losses, volume of heat sink, and number of gate drive circuits and thereby the performance of the system. Closed loop speed control of switched reluctance motor fed from proposed novel converter topology was presented in this paper. Performance of closed loop operation is compared to open loop system. Further the proposed converter for SRMT is evaluated with loaded condition and comparative analysis of no-load and loaded SRM is presented. The model presented is developed and the results are analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Closed loop performance of proposed novel converter fed switched reluctance motor drive is verified at fixed speed and variable speed conditions.

On closed-loop equilibrium strategies for mean-field stochastic linear quadratic problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Tianxiao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Optimal Control Problems ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Time Inconsistency ◽  
Control Problems ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Linear Quadratic Optimal Control ◽  
Equilibrium Strategies

This article is concerned with linear quadratic optimal control problems of mean-field stochastic differential equations (MF-SDE) with deterministic coefficients. To treat the time inconsistency of the optimal control problems, linear closed-loop equilibrium strategies are introduced and characterized by variational approach. Our developed methodology drops the delicate convergence procedures in Yong [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 369 (2017) 5467–5523]. When the MF-SDE reduces to SDE, our Riccati system coincides with the analogue in Yong [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 369 (2017) 5467–5523]. However, these two systems are in general different from each other due to the conditional mean-field terms in the MF-SDE. Eventually, the comparisons with pre-committed optimal strategies, open-loop equilibrium strategies are given in details.

Comparison of Dc-Dc SEPIC, CUK and Flyback Converters Based LED Drivers

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Erdal Sehirli
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Input Voltage ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Current Sensor ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Led Driver ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Led Drivers ◽  
Conduction Mode

This paper presents the comparison of LED driver topologies that include SEPIC, CUK and FLYBACK DC-DC converters. Both topologies are designed for 8W power and operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) with 88 kHz switching frequency. Furthermore, inductors of SEPIC and CUK converters are wounded as coupled. Applications are realized by using SG3524 integrated circuit for open loop and PIC16F877 microcontroller for closed loop. Besides, ACS712 current sensor used to limit maximum LED current for closed loop applications. Finally, SEPIC, CUK and FLYBACK DC-DC LED drivers are compared with respect to LED current, LED voltage, input voltage and current. Also, advantages and disadvantages of all topologies are concluded.

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