Essence of Electric Charge of elementary particles according of New axioms and Laws

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electron Pair ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Longitudinal Vortex ◽  
Uniform Motion ◽  
Variable Velocity ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
External Observer ◽  
Closed Circle ◽  
The Waves

Two new Axioms and eight new Laws have been proposed and developed in previous reports. This report uses both axioms and only four laws. According to the first axiom (Axiom1), we can replace uniform motion in a closed circle with non-uniform motion in an open vortex. According to the second axiom (Axiom2), there are pairs of vortices that are mutually orthogonal or they tend to work in a system by a special type of resonance. Of all the variants of vortex pairs, the most probable is the pair: accelerating vortex from the center outwards connected with a delayed vortex from the periphery inwards. This pair is a model of the connected proton-electron pair. The behavior of a free electron and a proton in an Electromagnetic Field is studied. Actually like a cross vortex from outside to inside the electron will be directed to the positive pole. Therefore, an external observer who does not know what the internal structure of the electron is will think and will be deceived that the electron carries a negative charge. The exact opposite is observed for the proton. The properties of a system of linked electrons and protons are also studied. It is known that the Electromagnetic Field propagates at a constant speed and when pulsating the waves are only transverse. According to the new Axioms and Laws in the electron-proton system, the internal connections are of variable speed and when pulsating, the waves are not only transverse and longitudinal. Because the Electromagnetic field is only transverse at a constant speed , it appears that the interaction between the proton and the electron is not Electromagnetic but some other interaction. The interaction between the protons includes cross vortex with variable velocity and longitudinal vortex with variable velocity

scholarly journals System of electron-proton. Movement, rotation, pulsation and Gravity Forces

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Component ◽  
Transverse Component ◽  
Longitudinal Vortex ◽  
Uniform Motion ◽  
Variable Velocity ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Gravity Forces ◽  
Closed Circle ◽  
Proton Movement ◽  
The Waves

The new Field Theory consist two new Axioms and eight new Laws. It has been proposed and developed in previous reports by the same author. This report uses two axioms and six laws only. According to the first axiom (Axiom1), the author replaces uniform motion in a closed circle with non-uniform motion in an open vortex. According to the second axiom (Axiom2), it exists a pairs of vortices that are mutually orthogonal or they work in a system of resonance. The most probable of all of variants is the following pair: accelerating vortex from the center outwards connected with a decelerating vortex from the periphery inwards. This case is a model of the connected proton-electron pair. In this report the properties of a system only of linked electrons and protons are studied. It is known that the Electromagnetic Field propagates at a constant speed and the waves are only transverse. According to the new Axioms and Laws in the electron-proton system, the internal connections are of variable speed and the waves are not only transverse but and longitudinal. It appears that the interactions between the proton and the electron are not Electromagnetic. They include cross vortex with variable velocity and longitudinal vortex with variable velocity as well. From previous developments it is clear that the electron is not a concentric open vortex but an eccentric open vortex, centered in the second quadrant. And the proton is not a concentric open vortex but an eccentric open vortex, centered in the first quadrant. This is the reason for the formation of eccentricity vectors that decompose along the x and y axes. Because the eccentricity of the electron is greater than the eccentricity of the proton then the component along they axis rotates the electron around the proton (in orbit). And besides, since the decelerating vortex of the electron emits elementary decelerating vortices (Law 5) inward which are bent in the direction of the decelerating velocity, the electron will rotate parasitically and slowly around its own axis (in spin). The electron and proton are repelled gravitationally by a transverse component and are attracted gravitationally by a longitudinal component which are with variable speed. The existence of feedback between the electron and the proton (Law 7 and Law 8) explains the reason for the presence of elementary cross vortices. When they are emitted outward - are called “free energy”. And because they are invisible -are called and “black matter” as well.

scholarly journals The Phenomena of Superconductivity, According to the New Axioms and Laws

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Longitudinal Vortex ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Complex Vector ◽  
Single Axiom

The article describes the application of brand new field type through New Axioms and Laws. The present study uses Expanded Field Theory. It changes the Classic Field Theory to a much more general theory that consists of 2 new axioms and 8 laws. It was described from previous works of the same author .In this report is used only 2 axioms and 6 laws only. It is known that Maxwell’s laws (1864) are based on a single axiom [1]. It states that the movement in a closed loop leads to evenly movement (with constant speed) of a vector E: div rot E = 0. The author change this axiom with a new one, according which the movement in an open loop or vortex leads to unevenly movement (with variable speed) of a vector E: div rot E ≠ 0, div V or E ≠ 0 for vortex [2]. The subsequent results are: the evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement which can be decelerating or accelerating; in 2D it exists a cross vortex and in 3D it exists a longitudinal vortex ;the cross vortex in 2D is transformed to a longitudinal vortex in 3D through a transformation Δ1; the longitudinal vortex in 3D is transformed to a cross vortex in 2D through special transformation Δ2; decelerating vortex emits free cross vortices to the environment that are called “free energy”; accelerating vortex sucks the same ones free cross vortices and so on. The vector E is not a simple .It turns to be a complex vector: E=A+iV, E=V+ iA or E=-A-iV, E= -V- iA. It can has or amplitude A in a real part, or velocity V as a real part. Cross vortices can form two kinds vortices: a vortex that is generated by amplitude A and the vortex that is generated by velocity V. Each of these may be accelerating or decelerating .Both of them are generators. They are prototypes of material particles. Due to the suction of cross vortices by the accelerating vortex the temperature decreases and due to the emitting of cross vortices by the decelerating field the temperature increases. Inside of the conductor the velocity of Electromagnetic field is constant. On the periphery it decelerates because of resistance to the wall of conductor. This report offers a specific application of the above theory. In order to understand the nature of superconductivity we have to t understand first the nature of conductivity by conductor. Then we can very easily model a superconductor by constructing it orthogonally on the conductor.

scholarly journals Blasting-Induced Permeability Enhancement of Ore Deposits Associated with Low-Permeability Weakly Weathered Granites Based on the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar

Geofluids ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Yan ◽  
Wenhua Yi ◽  
Liansheng Liu ◽  
Jiangchao Liu ◽  
Shenghui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar ◽  
Deformation Modulus ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Initial Porosity ◽  
Peak Strain ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Hopkinson Pressure Bar ◽  
Impact Compression ◽  
Split Hopkinson ◽  
Pressure Bar

By utilizing the improved split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test device, uniaxial, constant-speed cyclic, and variable-speed cyclic impact compression tests were conducted on weakly weathered granite samples. By combining nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and triaxial seepage tests, this study investigated the change laws in the mechanical properties, porosity evolution, and permeability coefficients of the samples under cyclic impacts. The results showed that in constant-speed cyclic impacts with increasing impact times, deformation modulus decreased, whilst porosity firstly decreased and then increased. Furthermore, dynamic peak strength firstly increased and then decreased whereas peak strain constantly increased before failure of the samples. In the variable-speed cyclic impacts, as impact times increased, deformation modulus firstly increased and then declined with damage occurring after four impact times. The compaction process weakened and even disappeared with increasing initial porosity. Three types of pores were found in the samples that changed in multiscale under cyclic loading. In general, small pores extended to medium- and large-sized pores. After three variable-speed cyclic impacts, the porosity of the samples was larger than the initial porosity and the permeability coefficient was greater than its initial value. The results demonstrate that the purpose of enhancing permeability and keeping the ore body stable can be achieved by conducting three variable-speed cyclic impacts on the samples.

Analysis of the swimming of long and narrow animals

1952 ◽  
Vol 214 (1117) ◽  
pp. 158-183 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Constant Amplitude ◽  
Flexible Cylinder ◽  
Cylinder Diameter ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Marine Worms

The swimming of long animals like snakes, eels and marine worms is idealized by considering the equilibrium of a flexible cylinder immersed in water when waves of bending of constant amplitude travel down it at constant speed. The force of each element of the cylinder is assumed to be the same as that which would act on a corresponding element of a long straight cylinder moving at the same speed and inclination to the direction of motion. Relevant aerodynamic data for smooth cylinders are first generalized to make them applicable over a wide range of speed and cylinder diameter. The formulae so obtained are applied to the idealized animal and a connexion established between B / λ , V / U and R 1 . Here B and λ are the amplitude and wave-length, V the velocity attained when the wave is propagated with velocity U , R 1 is the Reynolds number Udρ / μ , where d is the diameter of the cylinder, ρ and μ are the density and viscosity of water. The results of calculation are compared with James Gray’s photographs of a swimming snake and a leech. The amplitude of the waves which produce the greatest forward speed for a given output of energy is calculated and found, in the case of the snake, to be very close to that revealed by photographs. Similar calculations using force formulae applicable to rough cylinders yield results which differ from those for smooth ones in that when the roughness is sufficiently great and has a certain directional character propulsion can be achieved by a wave of bending which is propagated forward instead of backward. Gray’s photographs of a marine worm show that this remarkable method of propulsion does in fact occur in the animal world.

Compensation for time delays is better achieved in time than in space

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-222
Author(s):  
Myrka Zago ◽  
Francesco Lacquaniti
Keyword(s):  
Time Delays ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Uniform Motion ◽  
Time Extrapolation

AbstractMechanisms of visual prediction based on spatial extrapolation work only for targets moving at constant speed, but do not easily accommodate accelerating or decelerating motion. We argue that mechanisms based on temporal extrapolation deal with both uniform and non-uniform motion. We provide behavioural examples from interception of falling objects and suggest possible neurophysiological substrates of time extrapolation.

Qualitative Analysis of an Axial Compressor Model With Non-Constant Speed

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gh. Sari ◽  
O. Akhrif ◽  
L. Saydy
Keyword(s):  
Bifurcation Analysis ◽  
Axial Compressor ◽  
Rotating Stall ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Qualitative Behavior ◽  
Initial Speed ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Axial Compressors

In this research we have addressed the study of the qualitative behavior of nonlinear variable speed axial compressors model exhibiting surge and stall instabilities. Such a study can shed some light on the development of an effective control approach being capable of simultaneously controlling the speed and instabilities. The controller can stabilize the system around an effective operating point and improve performance and reliability of variable speed axial compressors widely used in aeronautic industries. Although previous studies [1, 2] have focused on developing a model for non-constant speed axial compressors, qualitative characteristic of such a model is still unclear and its active control including both rotating stall and compressor speed is still a challenging problem. In this study we are particularly interested in investigating effects of the acceleration of the compressor rotor on qualitative properties of the model. To this end, bifurcation analysis of an axial compressor model with spool dynamics was performed and the simulation of the model was developed along the way. Preliminary surprising results revealed that the type of instability, surge or rotating stall, not only depends on the final speed as thought before but is also deeply affected by the rate of the rotor acceleration. Impacts of the initial speed on the qualitative properties of the model were demonstrated as well. Furthermore previous work [1, 2] showed that amplitudes of stall harmonics grow during the speed transition and cause a temporary pressure drop at the compressor output. Our simulation results supporting the bifurcation analysis of the model revealed that during speed transitions both amplitudes of high order stall harmonics and the number of dominant harmonics also depend on the rate of the acceleration and the initial speed.

scholarly journals Application of cross vortices, according the new Axioms and Laws

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
External Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Longitudinal Vortex ◽  
Longitudinal Motion ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Linear Processes ◽  
High Acceleration ◽  
Single Axiom ◽  
Em Field

This article reveals of an application of a theory of nonparametric and nonlinear processes. This theory is described by new axioms and laws which include 2 new axioms and 8 new laws. They were explained in previous reports by the same author. This new theory expands the Classic Field Theory which is about parametric and linear processes. The theory of new axiom and laws is a more general theory because it consists new philosophy as nonparametric decoding, new objects as an accelerating or a decelerating field and new forms of movement as transverse and longitudinal motion. In present report are used 2 axioms and 5 laws only. It is known that Maxwell’s laws (1864) are based on a single axiom [1]. It states that the movement in a closed loop leads to evenly movement (with constant speed) of a vector E: div rot E = 0. The author changes this classic axiom with a new Axiom 1. According to the new Axiom1 the movement in an open loop (div rot E ≠ 0) or vortex (div Vor E ≠ 0) leads to unevenly movement (with variable speed) of a vector E [2]. The subsequent results are: the evenly movement is replaced with unevenly movement which can be decelerating or accelerating. According to subsequent laws: the cross vortex in 2D is transformed to a longitudinal vortex in 3D (transformation Δ1) and inversely (transformation Δ2); decelerating vortex emits free cross vortices to the environment; accelerating vortex sucks the same ones and so on. The electron is a model that contains a decelerating cross vortex from outside to inside and emits free cross vortices into the environment. The proton is a model that is generated by an accelerating cross vortex from inside to outside and sucks these the same free cross vortices from the environment. According to the Axiom 2 the decelerating (electron) and accelerating (proton) vortices form a resonant circle. In this circle they exchange their energy (accelerating and decelerating) along the real connection and exchange the mass of free vortices (emitted and sucked) along feedback. These free cross vortices then self-organize into something like primary dipoles which resemble electrons but in very smaller scale. The passive primary dipoles resemble electrons from the inner orbits of the atom which are contracted balls with a minimal polarization. This is the reason that these primary dipoles do not react to the amplitude of an applied external Electromagnetic Field. But they react instantly at high acceleration of the EM field. The reason is that the high acceleration strongly polarizes the passive primary dipole (ball), turns it to an active dipole (toroid) and directs it to the active pole of the EM field. In this article is described Nikola Tesla's approach about using of free cross vortices called” free energy”.

scholarly journals Assessing Postural Instability and Cybersickness Through Linear and Angular Displacement

2019 ◽  
pp. 001872081988125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Widdowson ◽  
Israel Becerra ◽  
Cameron Merrill ◽  
Ranxiao Frances Wang ◽  
Steven LaValle
Keyword(s):  
Postural Stability ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Objective: To examine the hypothesis that constant speed is more comfortable than variable speed profiles and may minimize cybersickness. Background: Current best practices for virtual reality (VR) content creation suggest keeping any form of acceleration as short and infrequent as possible to mitigate cybersickness. Methods: In Experiment 1, participants experienced repetitions of simulated linear motion, and in Experiment 2, they experienced repetitions of a circular motion. Three speed profiles were tested in each experiment. Each trial lasted 2 min while standing. Cybersickness was measured using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and operationally defined in terms of total severity scores. Postural stability was measured using a Wii Balance Board and operationally defined in terms of center of pressure (COP) path length. Postural measures were decomposed into anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes and subjected to detrended fluctuation analysis. Results: For both experiments, no significant differences were observed between the three speed profiles in terms of cybersickness or postural stability, and none of the baseline postural measures could predict SSQ scores for the speed profile conditions. An axis effect was observed in both experiments such that normalized COP movement was significantly greater along the anterior-posterior axis than the medial-lateral axis. Conclusion: Results showed no convincing evidence to support the common belief that constant speed is more comfortable than variable speed profiles for scenarios typical of VR applications. Application: The present findings offer guidelines for the design of locomotion techniques involving traversal in VR environments.

Comparative Analysis of Microturbines Performance Deterioration and Diagnostics

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. B. Gomes ◽  
D. McCaffrey ◽  
M. J. M. Garces ◽  
A. L. Polizakis ◽  
P. Pilidis
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
Performance Deterioration ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
The Many ◽  
Regenerative Cycle

The interest in microturbines and new distributed generation technologies is growing in the entire world because of the many potentially beneficial characteristics they can offer and the developments achieved so far. This paper investigates the performance and degradation effects of microturbines for electric power generation. Diagnostics investigation is also carried out to obtain optimal instrumentation sets for degradation faults. Here the capacity of the gas turbines analyzed is 29kW simple and regenerative cycles. The engine performance is also analyzed operating at constant and variable speed. To simulate the gas turbine performance and carry out the diagnostic analysis the software Pythia and Turbomatch, developed by Cranfield University, were used. In this paper the engines above are simulated at degraded conditions. The effects of the degradation in the compressor, turbine and recuperator on the performance of the engines were investigated. Despite of the improvement on performance achieved with regenerative cycle and variable speed operation the results show that the performance of variable speed microturbines is more sensitive to components degradation than constant speed engines. Also recuperator degradation has greater effect on variable speed than constant speed engines. Due the effects of degradation on each engine different diagnostic approaches are observed.

Gear Based Quasi-Continuous Variable Transmission for Wind Turbines

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista Hernandez ◽  
Dania Wilson ◽  
Kyle Ressel ◽  
Justus Nwoke ◽  
Martin Soto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Spur Gears ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Electrical Load ◽  
Continuous Variable Transmission ◽  
Variable Transmission

Over the past decade wind turbines have been proven to be a competitive contender to produce cheap electricity. Their output electrical power went from few dozens of watts to several megawatts, and this trend is continuing to increase as they become larger in size. Most of these wind turbines are typically regulated through a set of controls acting on the electricity generator workload. These controls are achieved through the use of power electronics controlling the electrical load on the generator for variable speed wind turbine. This paper explores the possibility of implementing an alternative control system in variable wind speed turbines using a special gearbox with a high number of close consecutive discrete gear ratios. The proposed gear based Quasi-Continuous Variable Transmission, called QCVT, allows a variable speed at the input shaft and delivers a quasi-constant speed at the output shaft of the gearbox. The system consists of a special drivetrain assembly of spur gears run and controlled automatically through a set of clutch power shifters. The clutches are used to shift a set of compound gears, thus modifying the drivetrain total gear ratio. The designed system can produce up to 625 gear ratios and acts as a quasi-continuously variable transmission between the wind turbine hub and the electricity generator which requires a constant entry speed delivering a frequency of 60 Hz. The gearing transmission system has been designed using the SolidWorks CAD software for modeling and simulation and the gearing design theory has been used to dimension the special drivetrain assembly of spur gears. The kinematic gearing theory has been used to establish the multitude of close consecutive discrete gearing ratios of the transmission system. A wind driven rotor model for the wind turbine power coefficient has been used to determine the power absorbed by the wind turbine from the blowing wind and the power delivered to the electricity generator. The wind turbine torque generated by the wind and the torque produced at the electricity generator have also been determined using the multitude of gear ratios of the designed drivetrain. A new control law is established to keep the wind turbine generator running at a quasi-constant speed while producing maximum power. Considering the QCVT with its numerous close and consecutive gear ratios as the main torque regulator, the wind turbine system is expected to deliver the right needed torque for a specified electrical load. A set of results featuring how the electricity generator power and torque can be controlled by shifting the ratios of drivetrain transmissions are delivered. A particular emphasis is put on maximizing the generator delivered power using controlled gear ratios while the speed of the wind is changing. A small scale prototype of the QCVT powertrain transmission has been designed and built for concept demonstration and testing purposes.

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