scholarly journals Solution To Global Warming: Sunspots, Carbon 14, And Average Temperature -- Exploding Star Events

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Impact Theory ◽  
Supernova Explosions ◽  
The Crab Nebula

The formation of C14 from nitrogen by collision with a gamma ray or high energy particle in our high atmosphere is a widely accepted theory. The new yet to be recognized supernova, SN, and nova impact theory, SNIT, proposes debris streams of high energy particles from exploding stars impact our planet and cause global warming, sunspot, and other extraordinary events. Some of the recorded C14 data must match the calculated impact times of exploding star debris streams and a similar result occurs for sunspots. The new calculated supernova impact times in conjunction with two temperature plots from Dr Loehle and NOAA prove our current episode of global warming is caused by the Crab nebula or SN 1054 and is waning. The accuracy of the SNIT impact times are shown for the first time due to exact C14 data. Supernova explosions within 700 light years are very dangerous to mankind.

scholarly journals Time-Domain Astronomy with Swift, Fermi and Lobster

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (S285) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Gehrels ◽  
Scott D. Barthelmy ◽  
John K. Cannizzo
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Tidal Disruption ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Crab Nebula ◽  
High Energy Emission ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

AbstractThe dynamic transient gamma-ray sky is revealing many interesting results, largely due to findings by Fermi and Swift. The list includes new twists on gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), a GeV flare from a symbiotic star, GeV flares from the Crab Nebula, high-energy emission from novae and supernovae, and, within the last year, a new type of object discovered by Swift—a jetted tidal disruption event. In this review we present highlights of these exciting discoveries. A new mission concept called Lobster is also described; it would monitor the X-ray sky at order-of-magnitude higher sensitivity than current missions can.

scholarly journals High‐Energy Gamma‐Ray Observations of the Crab Nebula and Pulsar with the Solar Tower Atmospheric Cerenkov Effect Experiment

2001 ◽  
Vol 547 (2) ◽  
pp. 949-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Oser ◽  
D. Bhattacharya ◽  
L. M. Boone ◽  
M. C. Chantell ◽  
Z. Conner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Gamma ◽  
Energy Gamma ◽  
The Crab Nebula ◽  
Cerenkov Effect ◽  
Effect Experiment

scholarly journals Impact of H.E.S.S. Lidar profiles on Crab Nebula data

2019 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 01001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Devin ◽  
Johan Bregeon ◽  
Georges Vasileiadis ◽  
Yves Gallant
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Photon Energy ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Energy Gamma ◽  
The Crab Nebula

The H.E.S.S. experiment in Namibia is a high-energy gamma-ray telescope sensitive in the energy range from 30 GeV to a several tens of TeV, that uses the atmospheric Cherenkov technique to detect showers developed within the atmosphere. The elastic lidar, installed on the H.E.S.S. site, allows to reduce the systematic errors related to the atmospheric composition uncertainties thanks to the estimation of the extinction profile for the Cherenkov light (300-650 nm). The latter has a direct impact on the reconstructed parameters, such as the photon energy and the source flux. In this paper we report on physics results obtained on the Crab Nebula spectrum using the lidar profiles obtained at the H.E.S.S. site.

scholarly journals First detection of the Crab Nebula at TeV energies with a Cherenkov telescope in a dual-mirror Schwarzschild-Couder configuration: the ASTRI-Horn telescope

2020 ◽  
Vol 634 ◽  
pp. A22 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lombardi ◽  
O. Catalano ◽  
S. Scuderi ◽  
L. A. Antonelli ◽  
G. Pareschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Mirror Reflection ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Cherenkov Telescope ◽  
The Crab Nebula

We report on the first detection of very high-energy gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula by a Cherenkov telescope in dual-mirror Schwarzschild-Couder (SC) configuration. This result has been achieved by means of the 4 m ASTRI-Horn telescope, operated on Mt. Etna, Italy, and developed in the context of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory preparatory phase. The dual-mirror SC design is aplanatic and characterized by a small plate scale, which allows us to implement large cameras with a large field of view, with small-size pixel sensors and a high level of compactness. The curved focal plane of the ASTRI camera is covered by silicon photo-multipliers, managed by an unconventional front-end electronic system that is based on a customized peak-sensing detector mode. The system includes internal and external calibration systems, hardware and software for control and acquisition, and the complete data archiving and processing chain. These observations of the Crab Nebula were carried out in December 2018 during the telescope verification phase for a total observation time (after data selection) of 24.4 h, equally divided between on- and off-axis source exposure. The camera system was still under commission and its functionality was not yet completely exploited. Furthermore, due to recent eruptions of the Etna Volcano, the mirror reflection efficiency was reduced. Nevertheless, the observations led to the detection of the source with a statistical significance of 5.4σ above an energy threshold of ∼3 TeV. This result provides an important step toward the use of dual-mirror systems in Cherenkov gamma-ray astronomy. A pathfinder mini-array based on nine ASTRI-like telescopes with a large field-of-view is in the course of implementation.

scholarly journals Prospects for the characterization of the VHE emission from the Crab nebula and pulsar with the Cherenkov Telescope Array

2019 ◽  
Vol 492 (1) ◽  
pp. 708-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Mestre ◽  
E de Oña Wilhelmi ◽  
R Zanin ◽  
D F Torres ◽  
L Tibaldo
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Telescope Array ◽  
Cherenkov Telescope ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Very High Energy ◽  
Hydrodynamical Simulations ◽  
The Crab Nebula

ABSTRACT The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be the next generation instrument for the very high energy gamma-ray astrophysics domain. With its enhanced sensitivity in comparison with the current facilities, CTA is expected to shed light on a varied population of sources. In particular, we will achieve a deeper knowledge of the Crab nebula and pulsar, which are the best characterized pulsar wind nebula and rotation powered pulsar, respectively. We aim at studying the capabilities of CTA regarding these objects through simulations, using the main tools currently in development for the CTA future data analysis: gammapy and ctools. We conclude that, even using conservative Instrument Response Functions, CTA will be able to resolve many uncertainties regarding the spectrum and morphology of the pulsar and its nebula. The large energy range covered by CTA will allow us to disentangle the nebula spectral shape among different hypotheses, corresponding to different underlying emitting mechanisms. In addition, resolving internal structures (smaller than ∼0.02° in size) in the nebula and unveiling their location, would provide crucial information about the propagation of particles in the magnetized medium. We used a theoretical asymmetric model to characterize the morphology of the nebula and we showed that if predictions of such morphology exist, for instance as a result of hydrodynamical or magneto-hydrodynamical simulations, it can be directly compared with CTA results. We also tested the capability of CTA to detect periodic radiation from the Crab pulsar obtaining a precise measurement of different light curves shapes.

scholarly journals The Crab Pulsar and Nebula as Seen in Gamma-Rays

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Elena Amato ◽  
Barbara Olmi
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Crab Pulsar ◽  
Gamma Ray Astronomy ◽  
Very High Energy ◽  
Energy Gamma ◽  
The Crab Nebula ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

Slightly more than 30 years ago, Whipple detection of the Crab Nebula was the start of Very High Energy gamma-ray astronomy. Since then, gamma-ray observations of this source have continued to provide new surprises and challenges to theories, with the detection of fast variability, pulsed emission up to unexpectedly high energy, and the very recent detection of photons with energy exceeding 1 PeV. In this article, we review the impact of gamma-ray observations on our understanding of this extraordinary accelerator.

The ultra-high energy gamma-ray burst from the Crab Nebula observed by the Baksan EAS array

1992 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. L83-L88 ◽  
Author(s):  
V V Alexeenko ◽  
Y M Andreyev ◽  
A E Chudakov ◽  
Y S Elensky ◽  
A S Lidvansky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Gamma Ray Burst ◽  
High Energy Gamma ◽  
Energy Gamma ◽  
The Crab Nebula

A Search for Ultra–High‐Energy Gamma‐Ray Emission from the Crab Nebula and Pulsar

1997 ◽  
Vol 481 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Borione ◽  
M. A. Catanese ◽  
M. C. Chantell ◽  
C. E. Covault ◽  
J. W. Cronin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
High Energy Gamma ◽  
Energy Gamma ◽  
Gamma Ray Emission ◽  
The Crab Nebula

scholarly journals Particle Acceleration in Gamma-Ray Bursts

2005 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 475-482
Author(s):  
J.G. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Particle Acceleration ◽  
Shock Front ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Gamma Ray Bursts ◽  
Magnetic Field Generation ◽  
Relativistic Shocks ◽  
The Crab Nebula

SummarySimple kinematic theories of particle acceleration at relativistic shocks lead to the prediction of a high-energy spectral index of −1.1 for the energy flux of synchrotron photons. However, several effects can change this picture. In this paper I discuss the effect of magnetic field generation at the shock front and, by analogy with the Crab Nebula, suggest that an intrinsic break in the injection spectrum should be expected where the electron gyro radius is comparable to that of protons thermalized by the shock.

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