scholarly journals THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC FLOW IN STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENT AND WELL-BEING

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 912-927
Author(s):  
Diana Olcar ◽  
Tajana Ljubin Golub ◽  
Majda Rijavec
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Optimal Experience ◽  
Flow Experience

Flow experience is related to well-being. Still, the question arises as to whether the flow is beneficial because of its intensity and frequency, or its contribution to well-being depends on the domain in which it is experienced. It was hypothesized that flow experienced in a domain that is perceived important and useful (i.e., the academic domain) contributes more to students’ well-being than flow experienced in domains that are perceived as less important and less useful (leisure and routine activities) even though it is in academic domain experienced less often and less intensely. This hypothesis was tested in two separate studies. In the first study, the flow was operationalized as a trait and the frequency of flow was measured via questionnaires. In the second study, the flow was operationalized as a state and the intensity of flow was measured via the experience sampling method. The samples were comprised of university students from Zagreb, Croatia. Both studies showed that flow in a domain that is perceived as more important and useful (i.e., the academic domain), although is experienced less often and less strongly, is more related to students’ well-being than flow in domains perceived by students as less important and less useful (leisure and routine activities). It was also tested if the association between academic flow and well-being is mediated by academic achievement. This hypothesis was not accepted. The results of this study indicate that it is important for students to have opportunities to experience flow in their studies because it is a pleasant state, related to better achievement, and it adds to their overall well-being. Keywords: flow experience, sampling method, flourishing, flow in learning, life satisfaction, optimal experience

scholarly journals COVID-19–Related Disruptions and Increased mHealth Emergency Use Intention: Experience Sampling Method Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenduo Zhang ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Junwei Zheng ◽  
Huan Xiao ◽  
Zhigang Li
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Cognitive Activation ◽  
Activation Theory ◽  
Focus Effect ◽  
Indirect Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has become a global public health event, which has raised concerns regarding individuals’ health. Individuals need to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic with guidelines on symptom recognition, home isolation, and maintain mental health. Besides routine use of mobile health (mHealth) such as accessing information to keep healthy, individuals can use mHealth services in situations requiring urgent medical care, which is defined as mHealth emergency use. It is not known whether individuals have increased their daily mHealth services emergency use as a result of disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this diary analysis study is to assess the influences of daily disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals’ mHealth emergency use. The secondary purpose of this study is to explore the mediating role of COVID-19–induced strain and the moderating role of promotion regulatory focus in the relationship between daily disruptions of COVID-19 and mHealth emergency use. Drawing from the cognitive activation theory of stress, we investigated the underlying mechanism and boundary condition of the influence of COVID-19–related disruptions on daily mHealth emergency use. METHODS To test the proposed model, this study adopts the experience sampling method to collect daily data. The experience sampling method helps researchers to capture participants’ fluctuations in emotions, mental engagement in an activity, and experienced stress. This study collected 550 cases nested in 110 samples in mainland China to test the conceptual model. In addition, we employed hierarchical linear modeling analysis to test the effect of COVID-19–related disruptions on mHealth emergency use. RESULTS We found that COVID-19–related disruptions increased COVID-19–induced strain (γ=0.24, <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and mHealth emergency use on a daily basis (γ=0.28, <i>P</i>&lt;.001). COVID-19–induced daily strain mediated this relationship (effect=0.09, 95% CI 0.05-0.14). Promotion regulatory focus moderated the relationship between COVID-19–induced strain and mHealth emergency use (γ=0.35, <i>P</i>=.02). In addition, the indirect relationship between disruptions and mHealth emergency use intentions through COVID-19–induced strain is contingent upon promotion regulatory focus: this relationship was stronger in those with high promotion regulatory focus (effect=0.12, 95% CI 0.06-0.19) than in those with low promotion regulatory focus (effect=0.06, 95% CI 0.02-0.11). CONCLUSIONS Event disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic induced mHealth emergency use intention through increased psychological strain. Furthermore, individuals’ promotion regulatory focus amplified this indirect relationship. Our findings extend our understanding of the factors underlying mHealth emergency use intention and illustrate the potential contingent role of promotion regulatory focus in the cognitive activation theory of stress. This study also opens avenues for future research on mHealth emergency use intention in other countries and cultural settings.

Flow Theory and Research

2009 ◽  
pp. 194-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Nakamura ◽  
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
Keyword(s):  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Flow Theory ◽  
Optimal Experience ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Experiential Approach ◽  
The Future ◽  
Complete Absorption

This chapter describes flow, the experience of complete absorption in the present moment, and the experiential approach to positive psychology that it represents. We summarize the model of optimal experience and development that is associated with the concept of flow, and describe several ways of measuring flow, giving particular attention to the experience sampling method. We review some of the recent research concerning the outcomes and dynamics of flow, its conditions at school and work, and interventions that have been employed to foster flow. Finally, we identify some of the promising directions for flow research moving into the future.

scholarly journals COVID-19–Related Disruptions and Increased mHealth Emergency Use Intention: Experience Sampling Method Study

10.2196/20642 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e20642
Author(s):  
Zhenduo Zhang ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Junwei Zheng ◽  
Huan Xiao ◽  
Zhigang Li
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Cognitive Activation ◽  
Activation Theory ◽  
Focus Effect ◽  
Indirect Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has become a global public health event, which has raised concerns regarding individuals’ health. Individuals need to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic with guidelines on symptom recognition, home isolation, and maintain mental health. Besides routine use of mobile health (mHealth) such as accessing information to keep healthy, individuals can use mHealth services in situations requiring urgent medical care, which is defined as mHealth emergency use. It is not known whether individuals have increased their daily mHealth services emergency use as a result of disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective The purpose of this diary analysis study is to assess the influences of daily disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals’ mHealth emergency use. The secondary purpose of this study is to explore the mediating role of COVID-19–induced strain and the moderating role of promotion regulatory focus in the relationship between daily disruptions of COVID-19 and mHealth emergency use. Drawing from the cognitive activation theory of stress, we investigated the underlying mechanism and boundary condition of the influence of COVID-19–related disruptions on daily mHealth emergency use. Methods To test the proposed model, this study adopts the experience sampling method to collect daily data. The experience sampling method helps researchers to capture participants’ fluctuations in emotions, mental engagement in an activity, and experienced stress. This study collected 550 cases nested in 110 samples in mainland China to test the conceptual model. In addition, we employed hierarchical linear modeling analysis to test the effect of COVID-19–related disruptions on mHealth emergency use. Results We found that COVID-19–related disruptions increased COVID-19–induced strain (γ=0.24, P<.001) and mHealth emergency use on a daily basis (γ=0.28, P<.001). COVID-19–induced daily strain mediated this relationship (effect=0.09, 95% CI 0.05-0.14). Promotion regulatory focus moderated the relationship between COVID-19–induced strain and mHealth emergency use (γ=0.35, P=.02). In addition, the indirect relationship between disruptions and mHealth emergency use intentions through COVID-19–induced strain is contingent upon promotion regulatory focus: this relationship was stronger in those with high promotion regulatory focus (effect=0.12, 95% CI 0.06-0.19) than in those with low promotion regulatory focus (effect=0.06, 95% CI 0.02-0.11). Conclusions Event disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic induced mHealth emergency use intention through increased psychological strain. Furthermore, individuals’ promotion regulatory focus amplified this indirect relationship. Our findings extend our understanding of the factors underlying mHealth emergency use intention and illustrate the potential contingent role of promotion regulatory focus in the cognitive activation theory of stress. This study also opens avenues for future research on mHealth emergency use intention in other countries and cultural settings.

Is Feeling “in Control” Related to Happiness in Daily Life?

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed Larson
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Daily Experience ◽  
Average Happiness

This research concerns the relation of subjective control and happiness within normal daily experience. Respondents from several nonclinical samples rated their feelings of control at randomly-selected moments during a week in their lives, following the procedures of the Experience Sampling Method. Analyses consider the relation of these ratings to similar ratings of affective states, first, within persons and, second, between persons. The within-person analyses show relatively little moment-to-moment correlation of subjective control and affective states. For many persons there is no correlation at all and on the average people report feeling only slightly more happy at times when feeling in control. The between-persons analyses yield findings that are more in line with explanations of subject control, showing that individuals reporting higher average daily control also experience greater average happiness. The results confirm that a generalized sense of control is important to well being in daily life, but for nondisturbed individuals short-term experiences of discontrol are not accompanied by substantial distress.

Buddhism, Happiness, and the Science of Meditation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Edelglass
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Scientific Study

The widespread discourse of happiness and meditation is part of a “happiness turn” in contemporary Western Buddhism, in which meditation is presented as a path to happiness. This turn is justified, in part, by empirical research on happiness, which appears to be a straightforward scientific inquiry into the causes and conditions of happiness. The two most widespread methods for measuring happiness, life satisfaction questionnaires and random experience sampling, are each committed to a particular theory of happiness: implicit in the random experience sampling method is a hedonic conception of happiness as positive affect or pleasure. In contrast, Śāntideva suggests that cultivating mindfulness and awareness entails relinquishing of self and increasing skill in addressing others’ needs. This contrast demonstrates that the scientific study of meditation and happiness is not value neutral but reframes the meaning of meditation.

scholarly journals A Direct Comparison of the Day Reconstruction Method and the Experience Sampling Method

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Lucas ◽  
Carol Wallsworth ◽  
Ivana Anusic ◽  
Brent Donnellan
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Day Reconstruction Method ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Data

The Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) is an approach to measuring well-being that is designed to approximate the rich data that can be obtained from intensive repeated measures designs like those used in the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Although some preliminary tests of the validity of the DRM have been conducted, these typically focus on agreement between the two methods at very broad levels, rather than focusing on whether the two methods provide similar information at a moment-to-moment level. This paper reports two studies that use ESM and DRM to assess the same moments. Agreement between the two measures varied considerably depending on the focus of the analysis. For aggregate assessments of total time spent in situations and average affect in situations, agreement was high; for between-person differences in time use and experienced affect, agreement varied across situations; and for within-person differences in both situations and affect, agreement was quite low. In addition, we found preliminary evidence that the DRM may be more influenced by expectations regarding the pleasantness of situations as compared to ESM. These results suggest that for many common purposes, the DRM does not provide the same information as ESM.

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