N-Acetyl Cysteine Loaded-Niosomes as a Mucolytic Agent for Acute Diseases and Respiratory Disorders

Today, there is a strong interest in the development of new drug delivery systems using an inactive carrier for pharmaceutics. In recent years, several drug delivery systems have been introduced, such as liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes, and pharmacosomes. N-acetylcysteine, as a mucolytic agent, is prescribed for acute diseases and respiratory disorders, flu, colds, and bronchitis to reduce mucus viscosity. In this study, niosomes n-acetyl cysteine was prepared with a hydration thin film layer method. Niosome formation was confirmed by light and electron microscope images. To determine the average size of niosomes, zeta seizer instruments were used. To evaluate the effects of the medicine on niosomes membrane composition, Fourier transforms infrared spectra were obtained. The best formulation for this study was the Span 60 formula with a 70:30 ratio. An increase in drug concentration was accompanied by a similar rise in niosome capacity. The average size of niosome with different formulations was listed. The release time of the drug was obtained. The FTIR spectroscopy of pure drug, niosome, and niosome with drugs were taken. When the cholesterol was increased from 30% micromole to 50% micromole, niosome average size was increased. The molar ratio 70: 30 of span and cholesterol was more appropriate for the preparation of niosome drug delivery. By adding distill phosphate and acetyl Tri-methyl ammonium bromide to niosomeal compounds, the average vesicle size and the loading percentage were increased.

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Pharmacokinetics of Pullulan–Dexamethasone Conjugates in Retinal Drug Delivery

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics14010012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Eva Kicková ◽

Amir Sadeghi ◽

Jooseppi Puranen ◽

Shirin Tavakoli ◽

Merve Sen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Intravitreal Injections ◽

Aqueous Humor Outflow ◽

Charged Nanoparticles ◽

Average Size

The treatment of retinal diseases by intravitreal injections requires frequent administration unless drug delivery systems with long retention and controlled release are used. In this work, we focused on pullulan (≈67 kDa) conjugates of dexamethasone as therapeutic systems for intravitreal administration. The pullulan–dexamethasone conjugates self-assemble into negatively charged nanoparticles (average size 326 ± 29 nm). Intravitreal injections of pullulan and pullulan–dexamethasone were safe in mouse, rat and rabbit eyes. Fluorescently labeled pullulan particles showed prolonged retention in the vitreous and they were almost completely eliminated via aqueous humor outflow. Pullulan conjugates also distributed to the retina via Müller glial cells when tested in ex vivo retina explants and in vivo. Pharmacokinetic simulations showed that pullulan–dexamethasone conjugates may release free and active dexamethasone in the vitreous humor for over 16 days, even though a large fraction of dexamethasone may be eliminated from the eye as bound pullulan–dexamethasone. We conclude that pullulan based drug conjugates are promising intravitreal drug delivery systems as they may reduce injection frequency and deliver drugs into the retinal cells.

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Cashew Gum (Anacardium occidentale) as a Potential Source for the Production of Tocopherol-Loaded Nanoparticles: Formulation, Release Profile and Cytotoxicity

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11188467 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (18) ◽

pp. 8467

Author(s):

Kahynna C. Loureiro ◽

Alessandro Jäger ◽

Ewa Pavlova ◽

Isabel B. Lima-Verde ◽

Petr Štěpánek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Pharmaceutical Product ◽

Anacardium Occidentale ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Cashew Gum ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Average Size

Every year, more than thirty thousand tons of Cashew gum (Anacardium occidentale, family: Anacardiaceae) are produced in Brazil; however, only a small amount is used for different applications in foodstuff and in pharmaceutical industries. As a raw material for the production of drug delivery systems, cashew gum is still regarded as an innovative compound worth to be exploited. In this work, cashew gum was extracted from the crude exudate of cashew tree employing four methodologies resulting in a light brown powder in different yields (40.61% to 58.40%). The total ashes (0.34% to 1.05%) and moisture (12.90% to 14.81%) were also dependent on the purification approach. FTIR spectra showed the typical bands of purified cashew gum samples, confirming their suitability for the development of a pharmaceutical product. Cashew gum nanoparticles were produced by nanoprecipitation resulting in particles of low polydispersity (<0.2) and an average size depending on the percentage of the oil. The zeta potential of nanoparticles was found to be below 20 mV, which promotes electrostatic stability. Encapsulation efficiencies were above 99.9%, while loading capacity increased with the increase of the percentage of the oil content of particles. The release of the oil from the nanoparticles followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetics model, while particles did not show any signs of toxicity when tested in three distinct cell lines (LLC-MK2, HepG2, and THP-1). Our study highlights the potential added value of using a protein-, lignans-, and nucleic acids-enriched resin obtained from crude extract as a new raw material for the production of drug delivery systems.

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Thermoresponsive Chitosan-Grafted-Poly(N-Vinylcaprolactam) Microgels Via Ionotropic Gelation for Oncological Applications

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13101654 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1654

Author(s):

Lorenzo Marsili ◽

Michele Dal Bo ◽

Federico Berti ◽

Giuseppe Toffoli

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Colloidal Stability ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽

Gel Structure ◽

Ionotropic Gelation ◽

Deformable Particles ◽

Average Size

Microgels can be considered soft, porous and deformable particles with an internal gel structure swollen by a solvent and an average size between 100 and 1000 nm. Due to their biocompatibility, colloidal stability, their unique dynamicity and the permeability of their architecture, they are emerging as important candidates for drug delivery systems, sensing and biocatalysis. In clinical applications, the research on responsive microgels is aimed at the development of “smart” delivery systems that undergo a critical change in conformation and size in reaction to a change in environmental conditions (temperature, magnetic fields, pH, concentration gradient). Recent achievements in biodegradable polymer fabrication have resulted in new appealing strategies, including the combination of synthetic and natural-origin polymers with inorganic nanoparticles, as well as the possibility of controlling drug release remotely. In this review, we provide a literature review on the use of dual and multi-responsive chitosan-grafted-poly-(N-vinylcaprolactam) (CP) microgels in drug delivery and oncological applications.

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Development of Personalized Colonic Drug Delivery Systems Prepared by 3D-Printing Technology

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.901.144 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 901 ◽

pp. 144-150

Author(s):

Tanikan Sangnim ◽

Arunlux Tangpanithanon ◽

Maythawee Khamtheantong ◽

Jintanan Charoenwai ◽

Kampanart Huanbutta

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

3D Printing ◽

Drug Release ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Partial Least Square ◽

Least Square ◽

Partial Least Square Regression ◽

Release Time ◽

Colonic Drug Delivery

Colonic drug delivery systems (CDDS) show several advantages for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease such as improving the clinical outcomes and minimizing side effects of corticosteroids. However, variation of the patient's gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in terms of transit time and pH causes the fluctuation of the drug releasing site in the GIT resulting in low therapeutic efficiency. Consequently, 3D-printing techniques have been applied for preparation of personalized colonic drug delivery systems in this study. Prednisolone was selected as a model drug and prepared in the form of a core tablet. Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were printed as a tablet housing and a drug control release plug, respectively. A two-factor full factorial model was utilized to design the experiment and partial least square regression (PLS) models were generated to reveal and predict drug release time of the system. From the results, only thickness of the PVA plug significantly affected the drug release at sampling times of 5, 6, 10, and 24 h. The relations between thickness of the plug and drug releases at 5, 6, and 10 h are quadratic but that of 24 h is linear. The relation between thickness of the plug and drug releases is quadratic. The drug could not be completely released in 24 h because the drug was entrapped by PVA gel. The search results show the possibility to utilize the PLS models to modify drug release time for individual patients. However, alteration of plug polymer is a suggestion to obtain complete drug release.

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Techniques For The Preparation of Tissue Samples Containing Injectable Polymer Microcapsules

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100120242 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 710-711

Author(s):

G.E. Visscher ◽

R. L. Robison ◽

G. J. Argentieri

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽

Degradation Process ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Tissue Reaction ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Injectable Polymer ◽

Microscopic Techniques

The use of various bioerodable polymers as drug delivery systems has gained considerable interest in recent years. Among some of the shapes used as delivery systems are films, rods and microcapsules. The work presented here will deal with the techniques we have utilized for the analysis of the tissue reaction to and actual biodegradation of injectable microcapsules. This work has utilized light microscopic (LM), transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopic techniques. The design of our studies has utilized methodology that would; 1. best characterize the actual degradation process without artifacts introduced by fixation procedures and 2. allow for reproducible results.In our studies, the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat was chosen as the injection site. Prior to the injection of microcapsules the skin above the sites was shaved and tattooed for later recognition and recovery. 1.0 cc syringes were loaded with the desired quantity of microcapsules and the vehicle (0.5% hydroxypropylmethycellulose) drawn up. The syringes were agitated to suspend the microcapsules in the injection vehicle.

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