A system of automatic balance control of natural gas volume based on multilayer perceptron

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Zh.A. Dayev ◽  
◽  
G.E. Shopanova ◽  
B.A. Toksanbaeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Multilayer Perceptron ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Automatic Balance ◽  
Gas Volume

Incorporating Voluntary Knee Flexion Into Nonanticipatory Balance Corrections

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 3047-3059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars B. Oude Nijhuis ◽  
Bastiaan R. Bloem ◽  
Mark G. Carpenter ◽  
John H. J. Allum
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Trunk Flexion ◽  
Postural Perturbation ◽  
Automatic Balance ◽  
Human Balance ◽  
Balance Deficits ◽  
Balance Corrections

Knee movements play a critical role in most balance corrections. Loss of knee flexibility may cause postural instability. Conversely, trained voluntary knee flexions executed during balance corrections might help to overcome balance deficits. We examined whether bilateral knee flexion could be added to automatic balance corrections generated by sudden balance perturbations. We investigated how this could be achieved and whether it improved or worsened balance control. Twenty-four healthy subjects participated in three different test conditions, in which they had to flex their knees following an auditory cue (VOLUNTARY condition), had to restore their balance in response to multidirectional rotations of a support surface (REACTIVE condition), or the combination of these two (COMBINED condition). A new variable set (PREDICTED), calculated as the mathematical sum of VOLUNTARY and REACTIVE, was compared with the COMBINED variable set. COMBINED responses following forward rotations were close to PREDICTED, or greater, suggesting adequate integration of knee flexion into the automatic balance reactions. For backward rotations, the COMBINED condition resulted in several near-falls, and this was generally associated with smaller knee flexion and smaller EMG responses. Subjects compensated by using greater trunk flexion and arm movements. Activity in several muscles displayed earlier onsets for the COMBINED condition following backward rotations. We conclude that healthy adults can incorporate voluntary knee flexion into their automatic balance corrections and that this depends on the direction of the postural perturbation. These findings highlight the flexibility of the human balance repertoire and underscore both the advantages and limitations of using trained voluntary movements to aid balance corrections in man.

Calculation Method of Natural Gas Compressibility Factor and its Application in Pipeline Trade

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaocui Tian ◽  
Xiaokai Xing ◽  
Rui Chen ◽  
Shubao Pang ◽  
Liu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Compressibility Factor ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Ideal Gas ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
Gas Compressibility ◽  
Simplified Formula

In the custody transfer metering of natural gas, it’s necessary to transform gas volume from metering state into standard state. Natural gas is non-ideal gas, and its compressibility factor varies with different components, temperature and pressure. So the accuracy of its calculation has direct impact on that of natural gas metering, and then affects the economic benefits of the enterprise [1]. According to related standard of China, in the custody transfer metering of natural gas, the formula stipulated by AGA NO.8 should be adopted to calculate compressibility factor. But the components of natural gas must be monitored at all times when this method is used, and the calculation process is complicated. In practical operation of natural gas trade, compressibility factor changes because of frequent adjustment of pipeline operating conditions. In order to simplify the calculation, simplified formula is applied to calculate compressibility factor generally, but it’s difficult to guarantee the accuracy at the same time. In this paper, the simplified formula, which is used for calculating natural gas compressibility factor of a joint-stock natural gas pipeline of CNPC, is modified with the standard formula stipulated by AGA NO.8. After the modification, an empirical formula of compressibility factor calculation applicable to this pipeline system is proposed, whereby the accuracy of compressibility factor calculation is improved. When the modified one is applied to natural gas trade, the accuracy of metering is improved likewise.

scholarly journals Ultra-Rapid Uptake and Highly Stable Storage of Methane as Combustible Ice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus N. Goh ◽  
Gaurav Bhattacharjee ◽  
Sonia E.K. Arumuganainar ◽  
Praveen Linga
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Dual Action ◽  
Gas Volume

<p>Ever-increasing natural gas (NG) consumption trends due to its cleanest tag and abundant availability point towards an inevitable transition into an NG dominated economy. Solidified Natural Gas (SNG) storage via combustible ice or clathrate hydrates presents an economically sound prospect, promising high volume density, and long-term storage. Here we establish 1,3-dioxolane (DIOX), as a highly efficient dual-action (thermodynamic and kinetic promoter) additive for clathrate (methane sII) hydrate formation. By synergistically combining a small concentration (300 ppm) of kinetic promoter L-tryptophan with DIOX, we further demonstrate ultra-rapid hydrate formation with a methane uptake of 83.81 (±0.77) volume of gas/volume of hydrate (v/v) within 15 minutes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fastest reaction time ever reported for sII hydrates related to SNG technology and represents a 147% increase in the hydrate formation rate compared to the standard water-DIOX system. Mixed methane-DIOX hydrates in pelletized form also exhibit incredible stability when stored at atmospheric pressure and moderate temperature of 268.15 K, thereby showcasing potential to be industrially adoptable for the development of a large-scale NG storage system.</p>

scholarly journals Risk Treatment and System Recovery Analysis of Gas System of Gas and Electricity Network of Latvia

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zemite ◽  
A. Kutjuns ◽  
I. Bode ◽  
M. Kunickis ◽  
N. Zeltins
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Critical Events ◽  
Gas System ◽  
Restoration Time ◽  
Risk Treatment ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
Gas Supply

Abstract The Latvian natural gas system is interconnected with transmission networks located in Lithuania, Estonia and Russia. Natural gas commercial metering is provided by GMS “Karksi” (Estonia) and by GMS “Kiemenai” (Lithuania). Natural gas is supplied to all larger urban areas in Latvia. Natural gas is supplied to Latvia along the Latvian–Russian pipeline only during the warm period of the year (April–September), and it is accumulated in the underground gas storage facility in Incukalns. During winter, gas from the underground facility is delivered to Latvian customers, as well as transmitted to Estonia and back to Russia. There is also a connection to Lithuania. Out of the gas supply disruption risks that are assessed at different levels, the essential one with a trans-border impact potential consists in the insufficient technical capacity of Incukalns UGS. Given the current technical possibilities, IUGS cannot pass the gas volume required for the Baltic States to compensate the gas supply deficit. The paper performs system recovery analysis after selected critical events. The paper provides a report describing the steps to be followed in order to restore the gas transmission system to normal operation after selected critical events. A very significant region of the power system of Latvia is the central part of Latvia and Riga region, where both of Riga CHPs, as well as Riga HPP, is located. The restoration time of the gas system of Latvia depends on the gravity of the situation and damage in the gas system and may range from several hours to several days.

scholarly journals Working Principle of Gas Turbine Meter Fluxi 2000/TZ and Gas Volume Converter

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Meter ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Gas Volume

The use of natural gas in several countries, especially in Indonesia is essential. In gas distribution, every industry and household will not be separated from the measurement system that aims to find out how much natural gas has been used. For this reason, the use of a gas flow meter is necessary. There are several types of gas flow meter can be used in measuring the gas volume. Some types of gas flow meters are gas turbine meters, rotary gas meters and diaphragm gas meters. The primary difference of each type of gas flow meter is the pressure capacity and the speed of the gas flow through it. Flow meter gas turbine is one type of gas flow rate measuring device. There are moving parts consisting of a propeller whose rotation speed is proportional to the flow rate through the flow meter. The type of gas turbine meter is Fluxi 2000/TZ. Fluxi 2000/TZ is designed to measure natural gas and various non-corrosive gases. This tool can be used to measure low gas flow and high gas flow. This tool can also be used to measure flow under various pressure conditions. Corus is the name of the type of gas volume converter. Corus is one instrument that supports the reading process of various gas meters, and one of them is a gas turbine meter. Corus is designed to achieve high levels of performance and accuracy from robust electronic equipment so that the results of reading the fluid volume available on the gas turbine meter can be calculated more accurately regard to the amount of temperature, pressure and compressibility. The working principle and characteristics of the two instruments make the measurements more accurate.

scholarly journals NATURAL GAS HEAT COMBUSTION DETERMINATION ON MEASURING SYSTEMS WITH DUPLICATE GAS UNITS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Petryshyn ◽  
◽  
Olexandr Bas ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Combustion Heat ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
Gas Volume

The paper focuses on the need to determine the natural gas heat combustion in order to transition to gas metering in units of energy. The technical organization of gas transportation in the main and distribution pipelines on the territory of Ukraine is shown. A detailed analysis of regulatory and legal support, which regulates the definition and accounting of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of natural gas at gas metering units. The draft Rules for determining the natural gas volume are considered in detail. Specified variants of determining the weighted average value of combustion heat in the case of complex gas supply systems with the use of flow measuring means of gas combustion heat. The necessity and urgency of determining the natural gas heat combustion on measuring systems, which are equipped with duplicate metering units without the installation flow means measuring the heat combustion. Emphasis is placed on the fact that a large number of measuring systems are built on the method of variable pressure drop with the use of standard orifice devices. It is pointed out that this method, according to its physical principle, measures the mass gas flow rate. It is also stipulated that ultrasonic gas meters are often used to complete duplicate metering units. The advantages of ultrasonic meters are given. Attention is drawn to the availability of technical metrological support in Ukraine on the basis calibration prover, which includes two secondary standards gas volume and volume flow rate units. Methods and technical means for determining the natural gas heat combustion are analyzed. The calculation of the gas heat combustion and the Wobbe number based on the density values is shown. It is noted that the value of the gas mass flow rate is related to the value of the gas volume flow rate precisely the value of density. The nonlinear dependence of the gas mass heat combustion for the density, which is associated with a disproportionate change in the percentage of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms, is shown. The structural scheme of the measuring system with the duplicating metering unit for gas density definition and gas heat combustion calculation is developed. The density calculation and natural gas heat combustion depending on the molar fraction of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the gas from the minimum to the maximum value is carried out. The linear dependence of the change in the gas heat combustion for the molar fraction of nitrogen is established, on the basis of which the method of controlling the gas heat combustion for measuring systems with a duplicate metering unit is proposed. It is shown that the developed procedure for determining the natural gas heat combustion based on the value of density, which is obtained from the calculation of gas mass flow rate and gas volume flow rate consumption on measuring systems with duplicate metering units exactly satisfies class B and C according to DSTU OIML R 140.

Research on Automatic Balance Control of Self-Elevating Offshore Wind Turbine Installation Vessel

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 3024-3030
Author(s):  
Ling Ling Wang ◽  
Wen Xian Tang ◽  
Ji Yang Qi ◽  
Bao Ma ◽  
Yun Di Cai
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbine ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Automatic Balance ◽  
Turbine Installation

Automatic balance control in the jacking process of the self-elevating offshore wind turbine installation vessel is the guarantee of the vessel’s safe operations. The automatic balance method in the movement of the wind turbine installation vessel is analyzed, and a leveling scheme by the proportion reversing valves as the actuator is proposed. Then, the leveling principle of heavy platform is studied; an automatic balance strategy which is the combination of displacement leveling strategy and angle leveling strategy is given. Also, an automatic balance control system of wind turbine installation vessel which is based on PLC and PROFIBUS-DP fieldbus is established. PLC is as the main controller. Fieldbus adopted to realize data transmission between master and slave. And the balance procedure based on PID is designed. The research shows that the control system has good control effect such as fast response, high precision and good stability.

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