Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in El-Madinna Manowra region, Saudi Arabia in 2012.

Objective: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease causing major public health problem in form of visceral and cutaneous types. The cutanoue leishmaniasis is caused by L. tropica, in low-land areas without reservoir; Arthroponatic leishmaniasis (ACL), Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ( ZCL), in high-land. This case report involved; 25 years old Egyptian active young single male adult, stayed in Utama (75 Km far from El-Madina Manowra on the road to Makkah). He presented with three skin lesions on his arms occurred within the last 1-3 months. on examination revealed; volcano- like indurated ulcers which clinically suspected as leishmania lesions .Materials and Methods: Laboratory investigations were involved; skin smear using Giemsa stain, Leishmanin test (LST), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing and phylogenitic analysis BLAST (NCBI).Results: Microscopy positive LDB (leishmanin donovani bodies), Leishmanin test (LST) was negative. PCR positive L. major . Sequence alignment were 100% with nine Iranian isolates and one Tunisian isolate. After one month of treatment with Pentostam (Sodium stibogluconate) local injections at the site of lesions the lesion progressed from ulcer to scar.Conclusion: L. major is a major species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Medina Manowra region in Saudi Arabia. The usage of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a useful diagnostic tool and help to identify the causative species.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 03 July 13 Page 325-330 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i3.13189

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Etiology of Diarrhea Requiring Hospitalization in Bangladesh by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, 2014–2018

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciaa840 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mami Taniuchi ◽

Kamrul Islam ◽

Md Abu Sayeed ◽

James A Platts-Mills ◽

Md Taufiqul Islam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Coefficient Of Variation ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Age Groups ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background Diarrhea remains a major public health problem and characterization of its etiology is needed to prioritize interventions. However, most data are from single-site studies of children. We tested samples from participants of any age from 11 geographically diverse hospitals in Bangladesh to describe pathogen-specific burdens of diarrhea. Methods We utilized 2 existing diarrhea surveillance systems: a Nationwide network at 10 sentinel hospitals and at the icddr,b hospital. We tested stools from enrolled participants and nondiarrheal controls for enteropathogens using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and calculated pathogen-specific attributable fractions (AFs) of diarrhea. Results We analyzed 5516 patients with diarrhea and 735 controls. Overall, rotavirus had the highest attributable burden of diarrhea (Nationwide AF, 17.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.3–20.9%; icddr,b AF, 39.9%; 38.0–41.8%), followed by adenovirus 40/41 (Nationwide AF, 17.9%; 95% CI: 13.9–21.9%; icddr,b AF, 16.6%; 95% CI, 14.4–19.4%) and Vibrio cholerae (Nationwide AF, 10.2%; 95% CI, 9.1–11.3%; icddr,b AF, 13.3%; 95% CI: 11.9–15.1%). Rotavirus was the leading pathogen in children <5 years and was consistent across the sites (coefficient of variation = 56.3%). Adenovirus 40/41 was the second leading pathogen in both children and adults. Vibrio cholerae was the leading pathogen in individuals >5 years old, but was more geographically variable (coefficient of variation = 71.5%). Other attributable pathogens included astrovirus, norovirus, Shigella, Salmonella, ETEC, sapovirus, and typical EPEC. Conclusions Rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, and V. cholerae were the leading etiologies of infectious diarrhea requiring hospitalization in Bangladesh. Other pathogens were important in certain age groups or sites.

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Comparative Study of Microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Suspected Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients in Nepal

Kathmandu University Medical Journal ◽

10.3126/kumj.v11i1.11016 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 14-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K Pandey ◽

AK Mallik ◽

S Pyakurel ◽

SB Pun ◽

BD Pandey

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Donovani ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Endemic Areas

Background Visceral leishmaniasis is potentially fatal protozoan diseases caused by Leishmania donovani. Nepal is an endemic region in which visceral leishmaniasis causes a major public health problem in the lowland areas that border the endemic areas of Bihar state in India. Accurate diagnosis to inform treatment is a first step in achieving the goal of visceral leishmaniasis elimination from South East Asian regions by 2020. Objective The objective of the present study was to compare between the Microcopy and polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Methods In the present study, 236 bone marrow aspirations were collected from suspected visceral leishmaniasis patients in Janakpur Zonal Hospital, Dhanusa district, Terai region of Nepal in between 2003-2007. We evaluated bone marrow samples by microscopic examination with subsequent testing of the same sample by polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. Results Giemsa’s solution stained bone marrow slides stored for over five years were used for polymerase chain reaction amplification. The result showed that 71% were polymerase chain reaction positive and 56% were microscopic positive. Out of 104 microscopic negative bone marrow samples, 15% of samples were positive by polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion Polymerase chain reaction could make a very good option for diagnosis by using less or non-invasive material from visceral leishmaniasis patients in endemic areas of Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v11i1.11016 Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.11(1) 2013: 14-17

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POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS FROM SPUTUM

Journal of Nepal Medical Association ◽

10.31729/jnma.795 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 42 (146) ◽

pp. 65-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kun Young Sohn ◽

S Shrestha ◽

A Khagi ◽

S S Malla ◽

B M Pokharel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Positive Result ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Sensitivity Specificity ◽

Culture Positive

ABSTRACTTuberculosis has remained to be a major public health problem in Nepal. The risk of spread of infection andemergence of drug-resistant strain has created the need for a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic test.In addition, clinically suspicious cases that do not give positive result in conventional laboratory test needmore sensitive test for diagnosis.In order to evaluate the possibility of incorporation of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in the diagnosis oftuberculosis, we performed a comparative study of PCR to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputumspecimens, against Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) stain and culture as a standard method.A total of 103 specimens were subjected to Z-N staining, culture and PCR for detecting Mycobacteriumtuberculosis. Of these, 19 were positive by Z-N stain, 26 by PCR and 25 by culture. Four stain negativespecimens showed positive result in both culture and PCR. Two specimens of stain and culture positive werePCR negative. Five specimens showed positive result only with PCR. Two culture positive specimens gavenegative results by both Z-N stain and PCR. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negativepredictive value of PCR which were 84%, 93.5%, 80.8% and 94.9% respectively.This study showed that there is no need for PCR test for the smear positive cases. However, PCR could be apossible diagnostic tool for the confirmation of the smear negative cases that show clinical symptoms of TB.Key Words: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Z-N stain, PCR, sensitivity, specificity.

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Critical analysis: use of polymerase chain reaction to diagnose leprosy

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502016000100018 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 163-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Flaviane Granero Maltempe ◽

Vanessa Pietrowski Baldin ◽

Mariana Aparecida Lopes ◽

Vera Lúcia Dias Siqueira ◽

Regiane Bertin de Lima Scodro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Globin Gene ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Reference Laboratory ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Molecular Biology Technique ◽

Pcr Inhibitor ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Pcr Techniques

ABSTRACT Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease and an important public health problem, especially in developing countries. It is a chronic infectious disease that is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which has a predilection for the skin and peripheral nerves. Although it has low sensitivity, slit-skin smear (SSS) remains the conventional auxiliary laboratory technique for the clinical diagnosis of leprosy. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a molecular biology technique that holds promise as a simple and sensitive diagnostic tool. In the present study, the performance of two PCR methods, using different targets, PCR-LP and PCR-P, were compared with SSS with regard to leprosy diagnosis in a reference laboratory. M. leprae DNA was extracted from 106 lymph samples of 40 patients who had clinical suspicion of leprosy. The samples were subjected to both PCR techniques and SSS. Amplification of the human b-globin gene was used as PCR inhibitor control. The specificity of both PCR techniques was 100%, and sensitivity was 0.007 and 0.015 µg/ml for PCR-LP and PCR-P, respectively. No significant difference was found between either the PCR-LP or PCR-P results and SSS results (p > 0.05). Although PCR is not yet a replacement for SSS in the diagnosis of leprosy, this technique may be used as an efficient auxiliary tool for early detection of the disease, especially in endemic regions. This strategy may also be useful in cases in which SSS results are negative (e.g., in paucibacillary patients) and cases in which skin biopsy cannot be performed.

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Chlamydia trachomatis detection in HIV infected patients using polymerase chain reaction

International Journal of Infection and Microbiology ◽

10.3126/ijim.v2i1.8003 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 12-16

Author(s):

A Shrestha ◽

N Adhikari ◽

Y Shah ◽

P Poudel ◽

B Acharya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Chlamydia Infection ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Important Public Health Problem ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Polymerase Chain

Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis is a sexually transmitted organism and causes important public health problem in the sexually active age group. Limited studies are found regarding the prevalence of C. trachomatis in Nepal. Moreover, currently there are no any study in Nepal reporting the association of chlamydia and HIV infection. This study attempts to determine the burden of chlamydia on HIV positive patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 117 HIV positive patients visiting a HIV clinic in Kathmandu, were screened for chlamydia infection. For this, urine samples were collected and analyzed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique (PCR). Results: C. trachomatis was detected in 4.2% of the total 117 HIV patients. Out of positive cases 60% were males and 40% were females. However, chlamydia was found more prevalent among females (6.8%) than males (3.4%). Eighty percent of positive cases were asymptomatic. Conclusions: Although, the prevalence of chlamydia infection was found less HIV patients, most of those cases were asymptomatic. Therefore, routine checkup is recommended for all suspected cases for timely management of the disease. DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i1.8003 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(1):12-16

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Leishmaniasis

Oxford Textbook of Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0171 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1467-1475

Author(s):

Antony D.M. Bryceson ◽

Diana N.J. Lockwood

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Military Personnel ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Biopsy Material ◽

Phlebotomine Sandflies ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Reservoir Hosts ◽

Animal Reservoirs

Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are transmitted to humans from human or animal reservoirs by the bites of phlebotomine sandflies. In places the disease is common and important, with perhaps 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis and 1.5–2 million cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis worldwide each year. Diagnosis is by demonstration of leishmania organisms in tissue smears or biopsy material by microscopy, culture, or detecting leishmaniai DNA by polymerase chain reaction. As an imported disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis is common in travellers, military personnel, and immigrants coming from endemic areas, while the diagnosis of the less common visceral leishmaniasis is frequently overlooked. Prevention is by controlling reservoir hosts and sandfly vectors, or by avoiding bites by vectors. There is no vaccine.

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