Observation of Pyramidal Lobe and Levator Glandulae Thyroideae and Their Macroscopic Feature and Relation with Whole Thyroid Gland: A Postmortem Study.

Back Ground: The thyroid is a brownish red, highly vascular earliest endocrine glandular structure appears in mammal. The size of thyroid gland varies considerably with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location. It is larger and heavier in mature females than in males, and it hypertrophies during menstruation and pregnancy. Diseases of thyroid may need surgical intervention. During thyroid surgery, there is every possibility of occurrence of haemorrhage and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. So this study is to carry out the macroscopic and microscopic architecture of thyroid gland of different age and sex groups in Bangladeshi people to establish a normal standard. This study will also help in minimizing complications of thyroid surgery and tracheostomy.Study design: Mainly descriptive cross-sectional study with an analytic component.Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, from 1st July 2006 to 30th June 2007.Materials: The study was carried out on 54 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet.Methods: The collected specimens were divided into age group A (10 years and below), group B (11 to 20 years), group C (21 to 30 years), group D (31 to 40 years), group E (41 to 50 years) and group F (51years and above). All specimens were examined morphologically by fine dissection method.Result: Pyramidal lobe and levator glandulae thyroideae were present in 37.04% and 59.26% cases respectively and were situated to the left side of midline in most of the cases. In most of the cases levator glandulae thyroideae had association with apex of pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone.Conclusion: From observation and results it reached conclusion that the present study will help to increase the information pool on the anatomy of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people. To establish a normal standard for Bangladeshi people, further studies with large samples from different zones including goitre endemic zones of the country are suggested. Medicine Today 2010 Volume 22 Number 02 Page 83-87 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v22i2.12440

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A Postmortem Study of the Pyramidal lobe of the Thyroid Gland in Bangladeshi People

Journal of Dhaka Medical College ◽

10.3329/jdmc.v18i2.6270 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 120-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M Begum ◽

M Khatun ◽

S Kishwara ◽

R Ahmed ◽

J Naushaba

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Hyoid Bone ◽

Age Groups ◽

The Body ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Thyroid Glands ◽

Pyramidal Lobe ◽

Group B

Background: The pyramidal lobe is also called the 3rd lobe of the thyroid gland which ascends toward the hyroid bone from the isthmus or the adjacent part of either lobe. A fibrous or fibromascular band the levetor glandulae thyroideae occasionally extends upwards from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. Any pathology of thyroid gland involves this lobe, some pathology started from here or recurrence may occur from this lobe. Anatomical knowledge about pyramidal lobe is essential for surgeons, endocrinologists, pathologists and sonologists for proper diagnosis and management of thyroid diseases. Study design: Cross sectional descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka. Study period was from July 2003 to June 2004. Materials: The study was done by examining 60 post mortem human thyroid glands, age ranging from 7 to 67 years. The glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Dhaka Medical College and Sir Salimullah Medical College under the department of Forensic Medicine. Methods: The collected sample were grouped in to three age groups including group A(0-20 years), group B (21-50 years) and group C (>50 years). The presence, variation of position of the pyramidal lobe and its relation with levator glandulae thyroideae were studied. Result: The pyramidal lobe was found in 16 of 60 thyroid glands in different age groups and situated more on the left side than the right. In 9 cases, levator glandulae thyroideae were found. All extended from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. Key words: Pyramidal lobe; levator glandulae thyroideae; thyroid gland. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v18i2.6270 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18(2) : 120-123

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Weight and Volume of Whole Thyroid Gland In Bangladeshi People: A Postmortem Study

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.3329/bja.v8i2.7020 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 72-75

Author(s):

Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul Banna ◽

Zakia Sultana ◽

Mansur Khalil ◽

Seheli Zannat Sultana ◽

Sheikh Muhammad Abu Bakar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Age Groups ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Glandular Structure ◽

Medical College ◽

Thyroid Glands ◽

Normal Standard

Context: The thyroid is a brownish red, highly vascular earliest endocrine glandular structure appears in mammal. The size of thyroid gland varies considerably with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location. It is larger and heavier in females than in males, and it hypertrophies during menstruation and pregnancy. So this study is to carry out the macroscopic architecture of thyroid gland of different age groups in Bangladeshi people to establish a normal standard. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, from July 2006 to June 2007. Materials: The study was carried out on 43 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. Methods: The collected specimens were divided into age group A (20 years and below), group B (21 to 50 years) and group C (above 50 years). All specimens were examined morphologically by fine dissection method. Result: The mean weight and volume of the thyroid gland was 13.27 ± 5.82 gm and 11.62 ± 4.76 ml respectively which are significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: From observation and results it reached conclusion that evidenced by weight and volume, the size and glandular structure gradually increase with age up to adolescence, remain stable in young and middle aged adult then slowly decline in old age. The present study will help to increase the information pool on the anatomy of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people. To establish a normal standard for Bangladeshi people, further studies with large samples from different zones including goitre endemic zones of the country are suggested. Keywords: weight, volume, thyroid gland, postmortem. DOI: 10.3329/bja.v8i2.7020Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2010, Vol. 8 No. 2 pp. 72-75

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Incidence of Presence & Variation in Anatomical Position of Isthmus of Thyroid Gland in Bangladeshi Cadaver

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.3329/bja.v9i1.8144 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 26-29

Author(s):

Seheli Zannat Sultana ◽

Mohsin Khalil ◽

Manjurul Karim Khan ◽

Laila Anjuman Banu ◽

Zubaida Gulshan Ara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Anatomical Position ◽

Medical College ◽

Adjacent Part ◽

Group B ◽

Normal Standard

Context: The thyroid gland is the first endocrine organ to evolve in the vertebrates. It has right and left lobes and connected by narrow median isthmus which lies over the second, third and fourth tracheal rings. A conical pyramidal lobe often ascends towards the hyoid bone from isthmus or the adjacent part of either lobe. It measures about 1.25 cm transversely and vertically. Its size and site vary greatly. Isthmus is topographically related with some important anatomical structures. So this study was carried out to determine the incidence of presence & variation in anatomical position of isthmus of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people of different age groups to establish a normal standard. Study type: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College. from October’2004 to February’2005. Materials: The study was carried out on 60 cadavers of different age groups age ranging from 11 to 70 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in Forensic Medicine Department of Mymensingh Medical College. Methods: The collected specimens were divided into age group A (upto 18 years), group B (18 to 45 years), group C (above45 years). All specimens were examined morphologically by fine dissection method. Result: In the present study isthmus was present in 41 (68.33%) cases. In those thyroids which were devoid of isthmus, lobes were found to be merged with each other in the midline but in one case two lobes were found completely separated from each other. It was evident that the posterior relations of isthmus were widely variable. In only 18% cases it was found at its usual position- against the 2nd, 3rd and 4th tracheal rings. In the present study more frequent location of isthmus was found at 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 2nd, 3rd, 4th tracheal rings. In both cases their incidences were 18.3%. Conclusion: The present study will help to increase the information pool on the anatomy of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people. To establish a normal standard for Bangladeshi people, further studies with large samples from different zones of the country are suggested. Key Word- Isthmus; Human Thyroid gland; Incidence; Posterior relation; Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bja.v9i1.8144 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2011, Vol. 9 No. 1 pp 26-29

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Macroscopic Study of the Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland in Bangladeshi People: A Postmortem Study

Journal of Enam Medical College ◽

10.3329/jemc.v7i1.30745 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 15-19

Author(s):

Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul Banna ◽

Zakia Sultana

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Thyroid Glands ◽

Group A ◽

C 50 ◽

Group B

Background: The position and size of isthmus of thyroid gland varies considerably in human with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location and sometimes the isthmus may be absent. So this study was designed to find out the macroscopic differences in isthmus of thyroid gland of different age and sex groups in Bangladeshi people.Objective: To record the macroscopic characteristics of isthmus of thyroid gland with advancing age in both sexes with a view to help establishing normal standard of Bangladeshi people.Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 54 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. The collected specimens were divided into groups A (20 years and below), B (21 to 50 years) and C (50 years and above). All specimens were examined morphologically by careful gross dissection method.Results: The isthmus was absent in 5.56% cases. In most of the cases (35.29%) it was against the 1st4th tracheal rings. There was significant difference in length between Group A and Group C (p<0.05) and in breadth between Group A and Group C and between Group B and Group C (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in length, breadth and thickness of isthmus of the thyroid gland between males and females.Conclusion: The presence or absence, positional change and variation in gross dimension of isthmus of thyroid gland were evident in human. The macroscopic difference was found with increasing age but not with sex.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(1): 15-19

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Morphological and Histological Study of The Pyramidal Lobe of The Thyroid Gland in Bangladeshi People - A Postmortem Study

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.3329/bja.v7i2.6095 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 94-100

Author(s):

Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽

Abu Alim ◽

Sabiha Mahbub ◽

Segupta Kishwara ◽

Manowara Begum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Histological Study ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

The Body ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Medical College ◽

Group A ◽

Pyramidal Lobe ◽

The Mean ◽

Group B

Background: The pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland is an embryonic remnant of the caudal end of the thyroglossal tract. The pyramidal lobe is formed from normal thyroid tissue. A fibrous band, levator glandulae thyroideae, is found occasionally and extending upwards from the apex of the pyramidal lobe. As all thyroid diseases are found to be present in the pyramidal lobe, the study of the pyramidal lobe bears a great importance. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from January to December 2008. Materials: The present study was performed on 60 post mortem human thyroid gland (39 male and 21 female) collected from unclaimed dead bodies which were in the morgue under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Methods: The samples were divided into three age-groups including Group A (10 -20 years), Group B (21- 50 years) & Group C (>50 years) and the pyramidal lobes were studied both morphologically i.e. position, length, breadth, thickness, its association with levator glandulae thyroideae and histologically including presence of thyroid tissue, percentage proportion of parenchyma and stroma. Results: The pyramidal lobe was found in 25 cases out of 60 (41.67%) and situated more on the left side (56%). The mean±SD length of the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland was 10.83±0.75 mm in group A, 12.80±3.05 mm in group B and 11.00±1.41 mm in group C. The mean±SD breadth of the pyramidal lobe was 5.50±1.22 mm in group A, 7.60±2.06 mm in group B and 6.75±0.96 mm in group C. The mean±SD thickness of the pyramidal lobe was 3.00±0.00 mm in group A, 3.27±0.59 mm in group B and 3.00±0.96 mm in group C. The levator glandulae thyroideae was found in 12 cases out of 60 (20%) and extended from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. The proportion of the parenchyma increases with advancing age upto 50 years. Key Words: morphology; histology; pyramidal lobe; thyroid gland DOI: 10.3329/bja.v7i2.6095 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2009, Vol. 7 No. 2 pp. 94-100

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Observation of Arteria Thyroidea Ima in Bangladeshi People: A Postmortem Study

Journal of Enam Medical College ◽

10.3329/jemc.v8i1.35432 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 25-28

Author(s):

Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul Banna ◽

Zakia Sultana

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Thyroid Surgery ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Morphological Data ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Endocrine Gland ◽

Geographical Variations ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Brachiocephalic Trunk ◽

Thyroid Glands

Background: The thyroid is a brownish red, earliest endocrine gland in mammals. The blood flow to the thyroid gland is very high. The thyroid derives its arterial blood supply from three vessels; of these, the superior and inferior thyroid arteries are fairly constant. The third artery, the thyroidea ima, is an inconstant vessel. Diseases of thyroid may need surgical intervention.This study aims to find out the presence of the arteria thyroidea ima and its origin in Bangladeshi people.Objective: The present study was carried out on considering the day-to-day growing clinical importance, and insufficient morphological data and arterial supply by thyroidea ima artery of thyroid gland and possible geographical variations in Bangladeshi people. This study will also help in minimizing complications of thyroid surgery and tracheostomy.Materials and Methods: This descriptive crosssectional study was carried out on 54 postmortem human thyroid glands collected from individuals aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. The collected specimens were examined by careful gross dissection method.Results: Thyroidea ima artery was present in 3.70% cases, which originated equally from brachiocephalic trunk and arch of aorta.Conclusion: Presence of this artery must be searched out during thyroid surgery and tracheostomy.J Enam Med Col 2018; 8(1): 25-28

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A Postmortem Study on the Volume of the Human Thyroid Gland

Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin ◽

10.3329/bmrcb.v38i1.10444 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 6-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

ASM Nurunnabi ◽

S Ara ◽

MU Jahan

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Age Groups ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Fluid Displacement ◽

Medical College ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

The Difference ◽

Group B

The present study was designed to find out the difference in volume of the thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people in relation to age and sex and to compare with previous local and foreign studies. It was a Cross-sectional descriptive type of study. The hospital based study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January to December 2008. The present study was performed on 60 post mortem human thyroid gland (39 of male and 21 of female) collected from unclaimed dead bodies which were in the morgue under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three age-groups including group A (10-20 years), group B (21-50 years) & group C (>50 years) and the volume of the thyroid glands were measured by fluid displacement method and recorded. No difference was found in mean volume of the thyroid gland between male and female. However, significant difference was found in between age groups. The volume of the gland was found to increase from early childhood and puberty up to 50 years of age and then decreased. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v38i1.10444 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2012; 38: 6-8

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BIREFRINGENT CRYSTALS IN HUMAN THYROID

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0580172 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 172-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

H. Edward MacMahon ◽

Ho Yong Lee ◽

Clara F. Rivelis

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Histological Examination ◽

Premature Infants ◽

The Elderly ◽

The Body ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Thyroid Glands ◽

Birefringent Crystals

ABSTRACT A histological examination of 500 thyroid glands from unselected autopsies confirmed the earlier observation of Günther and Richter that anisotrophic crystals are commonly found in the thyroid gland. They may be found at all ages and in both sexes. They may be found in premature infants as early as colloid appears in the follicle. These crystals are most abundant in the elderly. They tend to disappear in thyroid glands badly damaged by disease. They have been identified as calcium oxylate monohydrate. Similar crystals are not seen in any other organ in the body. Their presence is an enigma.

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Thyroid Follicles and Parenchyma are Found to Increase with Advancing age during the first 50 years of life in Bangladeshi People

Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist ◽

10.3329/jbsp.v4i2.4179 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 88-92

Author(s):

Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽

Sabiha Mahbub ◽

Sunjida Shahriah ◽

Gul Newaz Begum ◽

Shamim Ara

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Age Groups ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Physiological Alterations ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Background: The structural components of the thyroid gland are very much responsive to many types of stimuli and their adaptation is evident in histological studies. The thyroid follicles change their size and shape with the physiological alterations and pathological deviations. Objective: To observe the histological changes of the thyroid gland with advancing age in Bangladeshi people. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from January to December 2008. The present study was performed on 60 post mortem human thyroid gland (39 of male and 21 of female) collected from unclaimed dead bodies which were in the morgue under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three age-groups including Group A (10 - 20 years), Group B (21 - 50 years) & Group C (> 50 years) and the glands were studied histologically including number and average diameter of the thyroid follicles, percentage proportion of the parenchyma and stroma. Results and conclusion: All the histological values of the thyroid gland studied i.e. number and average diameter of the thyroid follicles and percentage of the parenchyma, are found to increase with advancing age during the first 50 years of life and later decrease. Key Words: Thyroid gland, Thyroid follicles, Parenchyma, Stroma DOI: 10.3329/jbsp.v4i2.4179 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2009 Dec;4(2): 88-92

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Histological Study of Human Thyroid Gland Relative Proportion of Parenchyma and Stroma in Thyroid Glands of Bangladeshi People

Update Dental College Journal ◽

10.3329/updcj.v1i2.13981 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 17-20

Author(s):

Md Enayet Ullah ◽

Hasna Hena ◽

Rubina Qasim

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Histological Study ◽

Relative Proportion ◽

Age Groups ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Structural Units ◽

Thyroid Glands ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Connective Tissue Sheath

Deep cervical fascia forms a connective tissue sheath around the thyroid gland. Delicate trabeculae and septa penetrate the gland indistinctly dividing the gland into lobes and lobules which in turn composed of follicles.1,2,3 These follicles are structural units of thyroid gland which varies greatly in size and shape.4 The number of follicles varies in different age groups. The study was carried out to see the percentage of area occupied by follicles in the stained section of thyroid glands in different age groups. The collected samples were grouped as A (3.5 20yrs), B (21- 40yrs) & C (41 78yrs). Percentage of area occupied by follicles was (58.55±10.72) in group A, (63.79±12.35) in group B + (63.39±8.29) in group C.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v1i2.13981 Update Dent. Coll. j. 2011: 1(2): 17-20

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