BIREFRINGENT CRYSTALS IN HUMAN THYROID

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Edward MacMahon ◽  
Ho Yong Lee ◽  
Clara F. Rivelis
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Birefringent Crystals

ABSTRACT A histological examination of 500 thyroid glands from unselected autopsies confirmed the earlier observation of Günther and Richter that anisotrophic crystals are commonly found in the thyroid gland. They may be found at all ages and in both sexes. They may be found in premature infants as early as colloid appears in the follicle. These crystals are most abundant in the elderly. They tend to disappear in thyroid glands badly damaged by disease. They have been identified as calcium oxylate monohydrate. Similar crystals are not seen in any other organ in the body. Their presence is an enigma.

scholarly journals A Postmortem Study of the Pyramidal lobe of the Thyroid Gland in Bangladeshi People

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Begum ◽  
M Khatun ◽  
S Kishwara ◽  
R Ahmed ◽  
J Naushaba
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Hyoid Bone ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Pyramidal Lobe ◽  
Group B

Background: The pyramidal lobe is also called the 3rd lobe of the thyroid gland which ascends toward the hyroid bone from the isthmus or the adjacent part of either lobe. A fibrous or fibromascular band the levetor glandulae thyroideae occasionally extends upwards from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. Any pathology of thyroid gland involves this lobe, some pathology started from here or recurrence may occur from this lobe. Anatomical knowledge about pyramidal lobe is essential for surgeons, endocrinologists, pathologists and sonologists for proper diagnosis and management of thyroid diseases. Study design: Cross sectional descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka. Study period was from July 2003 to June 2004. Materials: The study was done by examining 60 post mortem human thyroid glands, age ranging from 7 to 67 years. The glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Dhaka Medical College and Sir Salimullah Medical College under the department of Forensic Medicine. Methods: The collected sample were grouped in to three age groups including group A(0-20 years), group B (21-50 years) and group C (>50 years). The presence, variation of position of the pyramidal lobe and its relation with levator glandulae thyroideae were studied. Result: The pyramidal lobe was found in 16 of 60 thyroid glands in different age groups and situated more on the left side than the right. In 9 cases, levator glandulae thyroideae were found. All extended from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. Key words: Pyramidal lobe; levator glandulae thyroideae; thyroid gland. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v18i2.6270 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18(2) : 120-123

scholarly journals Observation of Pyramidal Lobe and Levator Glandulae Thyroideae and Their Macroscopic Feature and Relation with Whole Thyroid Gland: A Postmortem Study.

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul Banna ◽  
Zakia Sultana ◽  
Mansur Khalil ◽  
Jahan Ara Begum ◽  
Manowara Begum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Pyramidal Lobe ◽  
Normal Standard

Back Ground: The thyroid is a brownish red, highly vascular earliest endocrine glandular structure appears in mammal. The size of thyroid gland varies considerably with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location. It is larger and heavier in mature females than in males, and it hypertrophies during menstruation and pregnancy. Diseases of thyroid may need surgical intervention. During thyroid surgery, there is every possibility of occurrence of haemorrhage and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. So this study is to carry out the macroscopic and microscopic architecture of thyroid gland of different age and sex groups in Bangladeshi people to establish a normal standard. This study will also help in minimizing complications of thyroid surgery and tracheostomy.Study design: Mainly descriptive cross-sectional study with an analytic component.Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, from 1st July 2006 to 30th June 2007.Materials: The study was carried out on 54 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet.Methods: The collected specimens were divided into age group A (10 years and below), group B (11 to 20 years), group C (21 to 30 years), group D (31 to 40 years), group E (41 to 50 years) and group F (51years and above). All specimens were examined morphologically by fine dissection method.Result: Pyramidal lobe and levator glandulae thyroideae were present in 37.04% and 59.26% cases respectively and were situated to the left side of midline in most of the cases. In most of the cases levator glandulae thyroideae had association with apex of pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone.Conclusion: From observation and results it reached conclusion that the present study will help to increase the information pool on the anatomy of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people. To establish a normal standard for Bangladeshi people, further studies with large samples from different zones including goitre endemic zones of the country are suggested. Medicine Today 2010 Volume 22 Number 02 Page 83-87 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v22i2.12440

Histological Study of Human Thyroid Gland Relative Proportion of Parenchyma and Stroma in Thyroid Glands of Bangladeshi People

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Md Enayet Ullah ◽  
Hasna Hena ◽  
Rubina Qasim
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Connective Tissue Sheath

Deep cervical fascia forms a connective tissue sheath around the thyroid gland. Delicate trabeculae and septa penetrate the gland indistinctly dividing the gland into lobes and lobules which in turn composed of follicles.1,2,3 These follicles are structural units of thyroid gland which varies greatly in size and shape.4 The number of follicles varies in different age groups. The study was carried out to see the percentage of area occupied by follicles in the stained section of thyroid glands in different age groups. The collected samples were grouped as A (3.5 – 20yrs), B (21- 40yrs) & C (41 – 78yrs). Percentage of area occupied by follicles was (58.55±10.72) in group A, (63.79±12.35) in group B + (63.39±8.29) in group C.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v1i2.13981 Update Dent. Coll. j. 2011: 1(2): 17-20

scholarly journals XIII. Researches on the minute structure of the thyroid gland

1881 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 577-608 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Conger Eel

The following research is a continuation of that previously communicated to the Society on the “Minute Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland of the Dog," and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1876 (Vol. 166, Part II.). It is based on a histological examination of the thyroid gland in the following vertebrate animals:— I. Mammalia . Dog, Cat, Horse, Rabbit, Ox, Sheep, Seal. II. Aves . Pigeon, Fowl, Book. III. Reptilia . Tortoise. IV. Amphibia . Frog. V. Pisces . Skate, Conger Eel. (Altogether the glands of more than sixty animals have been examined in this research.) My examination of the human thyroid gland is unfortunately not sufficiently complete to allow of its being included in this communication, partly owing to its great delicacy of structure, and partly to the difficulty of obtaining this gland perfectly fresh, a condition which is absolutely necessary in order to examine its minute anatomy. I shall therefore merely refer to this gland incidentally on one or two points in the course of the paper.

scholarly journals Observation of Arteria Thyroidea Ima in Bangladeshi People: A Postmortem Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul Banna ◽  
Zakia Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Brachiocephalic Trunk ◽  
Thyroid Glands

Background: The thyroid is a brownish red, earliest endocrine gland in mammals. The blood flow to the thyroid gland is very high. The thyroid derives its arterial blood supply from three vessels; of these, the superior and inferior thyroid arteries are fairly constant. The third artery, the thyroidea ima, is an inconstant vessel. Diseases of thyroid may need surgical intervention.This study aims to find out the presence of the arteria thyroidea ima and its origin in Bangladeshi people.Objective: The present study was carried out on considering the day-to-day growing clinical importance, and insufficient morphological data and arterial supply by thyroidea ima artery of thyroid gland and possible geographical variations in Bangladeshi people. This study will also help in minimizing complications of thyroid surgery and tracheostomy.Materials and Methods: This descriptive crosssectional study was carried out on 54 postmortem human thyroid glands collected from individuals aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. The collected specimens were examined by careful gross dissection method.Results: Thyroidea ima artery was present in 3.70% cases, which originated equally from brachiocephalic trunk and arch of aorta.Conclusion: Presence of this artery must be searched out during thyroid surgery and tracheostomy.J Enam Med Col 2018; 8(1): 25-28

scholarly journals Macroscopic Study of the Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland in Bangladeshi People: A Postmortem Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul Banna ◽  
Zakia Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Group A ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Group B

Background: The position and size of isthmus of thyroid gland varies considerably in human with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location and sometimes the isthmus may be absent. So this study was designed to find out the macroscopic differences in isthmus of thyroid gland of different age and sex groups in Bangladeshi people.Objective: To record the macroscopic characteristics of isthmus of thyroid gland with advancing age in both sexes with a view to help establishing normal standard of Bangladeshi people.Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 54 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. The collected specimens were divided into groups –– A (20 years and below), B (21 to 50 years) and C (50 years and above). All specimens were examined morphologically by careful gross dissection method.Results: The isthmus was absent in 5.56% cases. In most of the cases (35.29%) it was against the 1st–4th tracheal rings. There was significant difference in length between Group A and Group C (p<0.05) and in breadth between Group A and Group C and between Group B and Group C (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in length, breadth and thickness of isthmus of the thyroid gland between males and females.Conclusion: The presence or absence, positional change and variation in gross dimension of isthmus of thyroid gland were evident in human. The macroscopic difference was found with increasing age but not with sex.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(1): 15-19

scholarly journals Differential Diagnosis of Congenital Pneumonia in Newborns with Low and Extremely Low Body Weight (Morphological Study)

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Perepelitsa ◽  
E. F. Smerdova
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Perinatal Hypoxia ◽  
Hyaline Membranes

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive assessment of morphological changes in the placenta and lungs to detect early signs of congenital pneumonia in extremely premature infants.Materials and methods. Protocols of post-mortem examinations of 23 preterm newborns died from severe respiratory failure were analyzed. The average gestational age of the newborns was 26.4±2.7 weeks and the body weight at birth was 972.4±355.8 grams. In the sample, 78.3% of infants had an extremely low birth weight (ELBW). At birth, all newborns presented severe asphyxia. Newborn underwent several types of respiratory therapy since birth: Mechanical ventilation was performed in 65.2% of newborns since their birth, non-invasive ventilation was performed in 26.1% of cases, and 8.7% of patients underwent oxygenotherapy through a facial mask. In all cases, there was an unfavorable course of the neonatal period, a progressive deterioration of newborns' condition, and a lethal outcome. A comprehensive histological examination of the placenta and the lungs of deceased premature newborn infants was performed.Results. Congenital infections of different localizations remain the leading cause of death.Congenital pneumonia and generalized infections are clinically manifested at birth by severe perinatal hypoxia and respiratory failure. In the case of congenital pneumonia, the morphological patterns are polymorphic and characterize the severity of lung damage. For some newborns, these patterns include accumulation of exudates and fibrin, segmented leukocytes, fragments of basophilic coccal microflora, and a large number of colony forming bacilli, and desquamated alveolocytes with a deformed nucleus are visualized in the deformed lumen of the alveoli and bronchi. Diffuse lymphoid-leukocyte infiltration in the septa and respiratory parts of the lungs are typical for other infants. Histological examination find lumpy or lamellar eosinophilic hyaline membranes in alveoli in specimens from these newborns. Diffuse, focal or confluent segmentonuclear infiltration in various lung structures is commonly combined with hyaline membranes of various localizations and sizes. Hyaline membranes were detected in 93.5% of cases.Conclusion. Very early preterm delivery is associated with intrauterine pneumonia and systemic infection in extremely premature infants. Early clinical and laboratory signs of intrauterine infectious lung include severe perinatal hypoxia, very low Apgar score and laboratory test findings (hypoxaemia and decompensated metabolic lactate acidosis) that are resistant to standard resuscitation measures. Hypoxemia and decompensated metabolic acidosis persisting during the first hours of postnatal life indicate the severity of intrauterine lung damage and require a rapid change of treatment aimed at normalization of lung function, prevention of complications in the respiratory system, hemostasis and central nervous system. Clinicians should be better informed about the features of early postnatal adaptation of extremely premature infants with congenital pneumonia to provide appropriate treatment.

scholarly journals About the influence of thyroidectomy on the growth and development of the bone and nervous system in young animals

2020 ◽  
Vol VI (3) ◽  
pp. 72-131
Author(s):  
A. F. Akopenko
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
The Way

The multifaceted and dark question of the function of the thyroid gland is extremely important, since it is associated with very many serious issues from various areas of medical science. By the way, in the last time, the question of trophic influences of the thyroid glands is increasingly emerging, the question of whether the proper nutrition and development of tissues can depend on the function of the gland. It would be extremely interesting and important to solve this question, since in the direct connection with him there is the question of the immediate ethology of cretinism. Many observations (Virchow, Kocher, Bruns, Grundier, etc.) confirm the existence of a relationship between the action of the gland and the correct nutrition and development of tissues, therefore it would be important to establish this relationship not by an observational, but by a purely experimental way: that is, to put the animal in observed by observers conditions (loss of function of the gland) and see if we get the described phenomena (trophic disorders). With this goal in the course of 1896, in the laboratory of the highly respected Professor V.M. Bekhterev, I undertook a number of experiments aimed at finding out the influence of the function of the thyroid gland on the development of growing animal tissues of the body, mainly bone and nervous, as the most interested in the manifestations of cretinism.

scholarly journals Features of the expression of Fox-1 in rat’s thyroid after prenatal dexamethasone action

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3 (99)) ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
O. Fedosieieva
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of the work was to establish the features of Fox-1 expression and distribution in the parenchyma of the thyroid gland of rats in the postnatal period of ontogeny in the norm and after intrauterine action of dexamethasone.Material and methods: thyroid gland of rats (162 animals) of the Wistar line at the age from 1 to 14 days of postnatal development. Experimentally, the animals were injected intrauterinely with a solution of dexamethasone at a dose of 0.05 ml at a dilution of 1:40 on the 18th day of the dated pregnancy. The material was examined using a set of methods of morphological studies (production of histological serial sections, survey microscopy, morphometry, immunohistochemistry and statistical processing).Results of the research. In the thyroid glands of neonatal prenatal dexamethasone, the parenchyma was well developed and consisted of hollow colloid-type follicles and single colloid-type microfollicles, and a bright cytoplasmic reaction with Fox-1 antibodies was observed throughout the organ parenchyma. In the thyroid glands of animals of the 3rd day of life, morphological changes occurred in all groups of the experiment. In animals of the experimental group, hollow follicles of colloidal type of small, medium and large diameter were chaotically visualized throughout the body, and large follicles of irregular shape with immunohistochemical weak or negative reaction with Fox-1 antibodies in thyrocytes and lumen without colloidal evidence, which detected a decrease in the specific synthetic activity in these thyrocytes. On day 7 in the experimental group in the flattened thyrocytes of overstretched follicles, the expression of Fox-1 was present only in the apical part. On days 11-14 of postnatal development in the thyroid glands of rats experimentally prenatally exposed to dexamethasone in the wall of large follicles with flattened epithelium began extrafollicular proliferation of thyrocytes on the background of visualization in the lumen of these follicles desquamated cells. Intensive perinuclear and cytoplasmic Fox-1 positive reaction was present in extrafollicular proliferating thyrocytes.Conclusions. 1. The detected changes in the first day of life in the thyroid gland of rats indicated that prenatal administration of dexamethasone affects the intensification of differentiation not only structural and functional units - follicles, but also a specific synthetic intracellular apparatus of thyrocytes, judging by the intensification of Fox-1. Thus, immature pre-mRNA is converted into mature mRNA, from which thyroid proteins, in particular thyroglobulin, are translated. By the time of birth, this process in the experimental group reaches a significant development, covering the entire parenchyma of the gland. 2. In rats prenatally receiving dexamethasone, the period of lactation was characterized by intense structural changes in the thyroid gland, in particular intracellularly in thyrocytes of monolayer flattened epithelium, the expression of Fox-1 antibodies was sharply reduced, which was then replaced by a bright cytoplasmic reaction in proliferative clusters and follicles of colloidal type of secretion, which is an adaptive-compensatory mechanism of intracellular enhancement of proliferation of synthesizing organelles in response to the restructuring of a significant number of existing follicles by hypofunctional type, aimed at maintaining normal levels of thyroid function.

IODINATED THYROLIPIDS: THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN HORMONOGENESIS

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Shah ◽  
U. R. Thakare ◽  
R. C. Shownkeen ◽  
D. N. Pahuja ◽  
M. Y. Mandlik
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cystic Degeneration ◽  
Nodular Goitre ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Rat Thyroid ◽  
Rat Thyroid Gland

ABSTRACT A total of 42 human thyroid glands (nodular goitre 9, adenoma with cystic degeneration 6; toxic goitre 10; carcinoma 14; and normal thyroid gland 3) were examined in vitro for iodination of an unidentified polar non-phosphatide lipid fraction (fraction II). The radioiodine incorporation in fraction II was 49.3 %, 43.6 %, 32.8 %, 20.7 %, and 22.0 % respectively in normal, nodular goitre, adenoma with cystic degeneration, toxic goitre and thyroid carcinoma. In vitro studies with surviving sheep thyroid slices did not show any relation between the iodination of fraction II and thyroxine formation over a period of 120 min. However, a highly significant correlation (r-value= 0.96375) was observed between the iodination of fraction II and thyroxine formation in vivo in the rat thyroid gland over a period of 24 h. We have previously postulated that iodination of fraction II may be interrelated to thyroxine formation. In the light of this hypothesis and the above results we suggest that the iodination of fraction II and thyroxine formation in the thyroid gland may be interrelated, the degree of iodination of fraction II being modulated by the amount of thyroxine formed within the thyroid gland.

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