scholarly journals Observation of Arteria Thyroidea Ima in Bangladeshi People: A Postmortem Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul Banna ◽  
Zakia Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Brachiocephalic Trunk ◽  
Thyroid Glands

Background: The thyroid is a brownish red, earliest endocrine gland in mammals. The blood flow to the thyroid gland is very high. The thyroid derives its arterial blood supply from three vessels; of these, the superior and inferior thyroid arteries are fairly constant. The third artery, the thyroidea ima, is an inconstant vessel. Diseases of thyroid may need surgical intervention.This study aims to find out the presence of the arteria thyroidea ima and its origin in Bangladeshi people.Objective: The present study was carried out on considering the day-to-day growing clinical importance, and insufficient morphological data and arterial supply by thyroidea ima artery of thyroid gland and possible geographical variations in Bangladeshi people. This study will also help in minimizing complications of thyroid surgery and tracheostomy.Materials and Methods: This descriptive crosssectional study was carried out on 54 postmortem human thyroid glands collected from individuals aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. The collected specimens were examined by careful gross dissection method.Results: Thyroidea ima artery was present in 3.70% cases, which originated equally from brachiocephalic trunk and arch of aorta.Conclusion: Presence of this artery must be searched out during thyroid surgery and tracheostomy.J Enam Med Col 2018; 8(1): 25-28

scholarly journals Observation of Pyramidal Lobe and Levator Glandulae Thyroideae and Their Macroscopic Feature and Relation with Whole Thyroid Gland: A Postmortem Study.

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul Banna ◽  
Zakia Sultana ◽  
Mansur Khalil ◽  
Jahan Ara Begum ◽  
Manowara Begum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Pyramidal Lobe ◽  
Normal Standard

Back Ground: The thyroid is a brownish red, highly vascular earliest endocrine glandular structure appears in mammal. The size of thyroid gland varies considerably with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location. It is larger and heavier in mature females than in males, and it hypertrophies during menstruation and pregnancy. Diseases of thyroid may need surgical intervention. During thyroid surgery, there is every possibility of occurrence of haemorrhage and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. So this study is to carry out the macroscopic and microscopic architecture of thyroid gland of different age and sex groups in Bangladeshi people to establish a normal standard. This study will also help in minimizing complications of thyroid surgery and tracheostomy.Study design: Mainly descriptive cross-sectional study with an analytic component.Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, from 1st July 2006 to 30th June 2007.Materials: The study was carried out on 54 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet.Methods: The collected specimens were divided into age group A (10 years and below), group B (11 to 20 years), group C (21 to 30 years), group D (31 to 40 years), group E (41 to 50 years) and group F (51years and above). All specimens were examined morphologically by fine dissection method.Result: Pyramidal lobe and levator glandulae thyroideae were present in 37.04% and 59.26% cases respectively and were situated to the left side of midline in most of the cases. In most of the cases levator glandulae thyroideae had association with apex of pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone.Conclusion: From observation and results it reached conclusion that the present study will help to increase the information pool on the anatomy of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people. To establish a normal standard for Bangladeshi people, further studies with large samples from different zones including goitre endemic zones of the country are suggested. Medicine Today 2010 Volume 22 Number 02 Page 83-87 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v22i2.12440

Histological Study of Human Thyroid Gland Relative Proportion of Parenchyma and Stroma in Thyroid Glands of Bangladeshi People

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Md Enayet Ullah ◽  
Hasna Hena ◽  
Rubina Qasim
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Connective Tissue Sheath

Deep cervical fascia forms a connective tissue sheath around the thyroid gland. Delicate trabeculae and septa penetrate the gland indistinctly dividing the gland into lobes and lobules which in turn composed of follicles.1,2,3 These follicles are structural units of thyroid gland which varies greatly in size and shape.4 The number of follicles varies in different age groups. The study was carried out to see the percentage of area occupied by follicles in the stained section of thyroid glands in different age groups. The collected samples were grouped as A (3.5 – 20yrs), B (21- 40yrs) & C (41 – 78yrs). Percentage of area occupied by follicles was (58.55±10.72) in group A, (63.79±12.35) in group B + (63.39±8.29) in group C.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v1i2.13981 Update Dent. Coll. j. 2011: 1(2): 17-20

scholarly journals A Postmortem Study of the Pyramidal lobe of the Thyroid Gland in Bangladeshi People

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Begum ◽  
M Khatun ◽  
S Kishwara ◽  
R Ahmed ◽  
J Naushaba
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Hyoid Bone ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Pyramidal Lobe ◽  
Group B

Background: The pyramidal lobe is also called the 3rd lobe of the thyroid gland which ascends toward the hyroid bone from the isthmus or the adjacent part of either lobe. A fibrous or fibromascular band the levetor glandulae thyroideae occasionally extends upwards from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. Any pathology of thyroid gland involves this lobe, some pathology started from here or recurrence may occur from this lobe. Anatomical knowledge about pyramidal lobe is essential for surgeons, endocrinologists, pathologists and sonologists for proper diagnosis and management of thyroid diseases. Study design: Cross sectional descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka. Study period was from July 2003 to June 2004. Materials: The study was done by examining 60 post mortem human thyroid glands, age ranging from 7 to 67 years. The glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Dhaka Medical College and Sir Salimullah Medical College under the department of Forensic Medicine. Methods: The collected sample were grouped in to three age groups including group A(0-20 years), group B (21-50 years) and group C (>50 years). The presence, variation of position of the pyramidal lobe and its relation with levator glandulae thyroideae were studied. Result: The pyramidal lobe was found in 16 of 60 thyroid glands in different age groups and situated more on the left side than the right. In 9 cases, levator glandulae thyroideae were found. All extended from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. Key words: Pyramidal lobe; levator glandulae thyroideae; thyroid gland. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v18i2.6270 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18(2) : 120-123

scholarly journals Macroscopic Study of the Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland in Bangladeshi People: A Postmortem Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul Banna ◽  
Zakia Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Group A ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Group B

Background: The position and size of isthmus of thyroid gland varies considerably in human with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location and sometimes the isthmus may be absent. So this study was designed to find out the macroscopic differences in isthmus of thyroid gland of different age and sex groups in Bangladeshi people.Objective: To record the macroscopic characteristics of isthmus of thyroid gland with advancing age in both sexes with a view to help establishing normal standard of Bangladeshi people.Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 54 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. The collected specimens were divided into groups –– A (20 years and below), B (21 to 50 years) and C (50 years and above). All specimens were examined morphologically by careful gross dissection method.Results: The isthmus was absent in 5.56% cases. In most of the cases (35.29%) it was against the 1st–4th tracheal rings. There was significant difference in length between Group A and Group C (p<0.05) and in breadth between Group A and Group C and between Group B and Group C (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in length, breadth and thickness of isthmus of the thyroid gland between males and females.Conclusion: The presence or absence, positional change and variation in gross dimension of isthmus of thyroid gland were evident in human. The macroscopic difference was found with increasing age but not with sex.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(1): 15-19

IODINATED THYROLIPIDS: THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN HORMONOGENESIS

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Shah ◽  
U. R. Thakare ◽  
R. C. Shownkeen ◽  
D. N. Pahuja ◽  
M. Y. Mandlik
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cystic Degeneration ◽  
Nodular Goitre ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Rat Thyroid ◽  
Rat Thyroid Gland

ABSTRACT A total of 42 human thyroid glands (nodular goitre 9, adenoma with cystic degeneration 6; toxic goitre 10; carcinoma 14; and normal thyroid gland 3) were examined in vitro for iodination of an unidentified polar non-phosphatide lipid fraction (fraction II). The radioiodine incorporation in fraction II was 49.3 %, 43.6 %, 32.8 %, 20.7 %, and 22.0 % respectively in normal, nodular goitre, adenoma with cystic degeneration, toxic goitre and thyroid carcinoma. In vitro studies with surviving sheep thyroid slices did not show any relation between the iodination of fraction II and thyroxine formation over a period of 120 min. However, a highly significant correlation (r-value= 0.96375) was observed between the iodination of fraction II and thyroxine formation in vivo in the rat thyroid gland over a period of 24 h. We have previously postulated that iodination of fraction II may be interrelated to thyroxine formation. In the light of this hypothesis and the above results we suggest that the iodination of fraction II and thyroxine formation in the thyroid gland may be interrelated, the degree of iodination of fraction II being modulated by the amount of thyroxine formed within the thyroid gland.

BIREFRINGENT CRYSTALS IN HUMAN THYROID

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Edward MacMahon ◽  
Ho Yong Lee ◽  
Clara F. Rivelis
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Birefringent Crystals

ABSTRACT A histological examination of 500 thyroid glands from unselected autopsies confirmed the earlier observation of Günther and Richter that anisotrophic crystals are commonly found in the thyroid gland. They may be found at all ages and in both sexes. They may be found in premature infants as early as colloid appears in the follicle. These crystals are most abundant in the elderly. They tend to disappear in thyroid glands badly damaged by disease. They have been identified as calcium oxylate monohydrate. Similar crystals are not seen in any other organ in the body. Their presence is an enigma.

scholarly journals Thyroid Hormones in the Human Body: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 178-182
Author(s):  
A. N. Rajalakshmi ◽  
Farghana Begam
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Thyroid Function Test ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
The Brain

Thyroid gland is an essential endocrine gland that is present in the human body.  This review highlights the production, regulation and disease conditions of the thyroid hormones.  The thyroid gland is controlled with the help of hypothalamus and the pituitary gland that is present in the brain.  The production of thyroid hormones involves five main steps such synthesis of thyroglobulin (TG), iodide uptake, iodination of thyroglobulin, storage and release.  The two important hormones produced by the thyroid gland are Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine(T3). These two hormones are iodine containing derivatives. Deficiency of iodine in the body results in the reduction of T3 and T4 production. Excess and deficiency of these two hormones result in the major diseases like Hyper and Hypothyroidism.  The synthetic forms of Thyroxine(T4) and Triiodothyronine(T3) used in the Pharmaceutical field are Levothyroxine and Liothyronine.  Women are most commonly prone to these thyroid diseases comparatively to men.  Undiagnosed disease conditions may become fatal. Levothyroxine therapy is commonly used for thyroidism which is a similar synthetic thyroid hormone.  Also natural thyroid hormones that are obtained from the dried thyroid glands of animals are available.  Thyroid function test and the measurement of T3, T4 plasma level becomes essential for the identification and regular maintenance of thyroid hormones in the body and human well-being.  

scholarly journals Weight and Volume of Whole Thyroid Gland In Bangladeshi People: A Postmortem Study

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-75
Author(s):  
Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul Banna ◽  
Zakia Sultana ◽  
Mansur Khalil ◽  
Seheli Zannat Sultana ◽  
Sheikh Muhammad Abu Bakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Glandular Structure ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Normal Standard

Context: The thyroid is a brownish red, highly vascular earliest endocrine glandular structure appears in mammal. The size of thyroid gland varies considerably with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location. It is larger and heavier in females than in males, and it hypertrophies during menstruation and pregnancy. So this study is to carry out the macroscopic architecture of thyroid gland of different age groups in Bangladeshi people to establish a normal standard. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, from July 2006 to June 2007. Materials: The study was carried out on 43 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. Methods: The collected specimens were divided into age group A (20 years and below), group B (21 to 50 years) and group C (above 50 years). All specimens were examined morphologically by fine dissection method. Result: The mean weight and volume of the thyroid gland was 13.27 ± 5.82 gm and 11.62 ± 4.76 ml respectively which are significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: From observation and results it reached conclusion that evidenced by weight and volume, the size and glandular structure gradually increase with age up to adolescence, remain stable in young and middle aged adult then slowly decline in old age. The present study will help to increase the information pool on the anatomy of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people. To establish a normal standard for Bangladeshi people, further studies with large samples from different zones including goitre endemic zones of the country are suggested. Keywords: weight, volume, thyroid gland, postmortem. DOI: 10.3329/bja.v8i2.7020Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2010, Vol. 8 No. 2 pp. 72-75

INHIBITION OF THYROGLOBULIN BIOSYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION BY EXCESS IODIDE. SYNERGISM WITH LITHIUM

1976 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Radvila ◽  
R. Roost ◽  
H. Bürgi ◽  
H. Kohler ◽  
H. Studer
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Inhibit Protein Synthesis ◽  
Thyrotrophic Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Excess Iodide ◽  
Kidney Liver

ABSTRACT Lithium and excess iodide inhibit the release of thyroid hormone from preformed stores. We thus tested the hypothesis that this was due to an inhibition of thyroglobulin breakdown. Rats were pre-treated with propylthiouracil (PTU) for 3 weeks in order to deplete their thyroids of thyroglobulin. While the PTU was continued, lithium chloride (0.25 mEq./100 g weight) or potassium iodide (3 mg per rat) were injected every 12 h for 3 days. Thereafter the thyroglobulin content in thyroid gland homogenates was measured. PTU pre-treatment lowered the thyroglobulin content from 4.21 to 0.22 mg/100 mg gland. Lithium caused a marked re-accumulation of thyroglobulin to 0.60 mg/100 mg within 3 days. While iodide alone had only a borderline effect, it markedly potentiated the action of lithium and a combination of the two drugs increased the thyroglobulin content to 1.04 mg/100 mg. Thyroxine was injected into similarly pre-treated animals to suppress secretion of thyrotrophic hormone. This markedly inhibited the proteolysis of thyroglobulin and 1.3 mg/100 mg gland accumulated after 3 days. Excess iodide, given in addition to thyroxine, decreased the amount of thyroglobulin accumulated to 0.75 mg/100 mg gland. To study whether this could be explained by an inhibitory action of iodide on thyroglobulin biosynthesis, thyroid glands from animals treated with excess iodide were incubated in vitro in the presence of 0.2 mm iodide for 3 h. Iodide decreased the incorporation of radioactive leucine into total thyroidal protein and into thyroglobulin by 25 and 35 % respectively. Iodide did not inhibit protein synthesis in the kidney, liver or muscle tissue. Thus, large doses of iodide selectively inhibit thyroglobulin biosynthesis.

Normal Vascular and Nerve Distribution of the Pes Region in Dogs: An Anatomical and Diagnostic Imaging

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Distal Limb ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Lateral Plantar Nerve ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Red Lead ◽  
Arcuate Artery

To investigate the normal anatomical distribution of the arterial blood supply, venous drainage and innervation on both the dorsal and plantar aspects of pes region including the level of tarsal joint due to its clinical importance with a little data available. Methods: Ten hind paws of five adult apparently healthy domestic dogs of both sexes; six paws injected, through blood vessels with colored latex neoprene for anatomical dissection and the other four paws injected a contrast mixture of red lead oxide and turpentine oil for the radiographic investigation of blood vessels. In addition to five live dogs used to apply the distal limb local anesthesia with the aid of Needle-Guided Ultrasonography. Results: This investigation revealed that the dorsal and plantar aspects of dog pes region supplied by superficial and deep sets of arteries, veins and nerves. The three dorsal metatarsal arteries originated from the arcuate artery. The medial tarsal vein forming characteristic venous arcades. The 3rd plantar metatarsal artery divided into two axial arteries while the 2nd and 4th continued axially without division. The plantar common digital and metatarsal nerves II, III, IV communicated to give origins of the axial and abaxial plantar proper digital nerves except the abaxials of the 2nd and 5th digits which supplied by a branch from medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve respectively. Conclusion: There were little differences between dogs and other carnivores in vascularization of hind paw with the recommendation of using Needle-Guided Ultrasonography in the distal limb local anesthesia to avoid vascular puncture or damage.

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