scholarly journals Strongyloidiasis in the gastrointestinal biopsy

Pulse ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-28
Author(s):  
A Khaled ◽  
N Ara ◽  
LL Chawdhury ◽  
TA Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Precise Estimate ◽  
Stool Examination ◽  
Disseminated Infection ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Hyperinfection Syndrome ◽  
Detection And Diagnosis

Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode of humans. It is estimated that tens of millions of persons are infected worldwide, although no precise estimate is available [1].S. stercoralis is distinguished by its ability-unusual among helminths-to replicate in the human host. This capacity permits ongoing cycles of autoinfection as infective larvae are internally produced. Strongyloides can thus persist for decades without further exposure of the host to exogenous infective larvae [2]. Most infected individuals are asymptomatic, but under some conditions associated with immunocompromise, this autoinfective cycle can become amplified into a potentially fatal hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated infection [3]. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis is usually made by stool examination. Detection and diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in the gastrointestinal biopsy is relatively rare [4].DOI: 10.3329/pulse.v3i1.6551Pulse Vol.3(1) July 2009 p27-28

scholarly journals Human infection withStrongyloides stercoralisand other related Strongyloides species

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS B. NUTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Hyperinfection Syndrome ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYThe majority of the 30–100 million people infected withStrongyloides stercoralis, a soil transmitted intestinal nematode, have subclinical (or asymptomatic) infections. These infections are commonly chronic and longstanding because of the autoinfective process associated with its unique life cycle. A change in immune status can increase parasite numbers, leading to hyperinfection syndrome, dissemination, and death if unrecognized. Corticosteroid use and HTLV-1 infection are most commonly associated with the hyperinfection syndrome.Strongyloidesadult parasites reside in the small intestine and induce immune responses both local and systemic that remain poorly characterized. Definitive diagnosis ofS. stercoralisinfection is based on stool examinations for larvae, but newer diagnostics – including new immunoassays and molecular tests – will assume primacy in the next few years. Although good treatment options exist for infection and control of this infection might be possible,S. stercoralisremains largely neglected.

scholarly journals Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection: an unusual cause of gastrointestinal bleeding

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Trazzi Rios ◽  
Matheus Cavalcante Franco ◽  
Bruno da Costa Martins ◽  
Elisa Ryoka Baba ◽  
Adriana Vaz Safatle-Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Pulmonary Involvement ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Hyperinfection Syndrome ◽  
And Migration

SummaryStrongyloidiasis is a parasitic disease that may progress to a disseminated form, called hyperinfection syndrome, in patients with immunosuppression. The hyperinfection syndrome is caused by the wide multiplication and migration of infective larvae, with characteristic gastrointestinal and/or pulmonary involvement. This disease may pose a diagnostic challenge, as it presents with nonspecific findings on endoscopy.

Helminthic Infections

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley C Van Voorhis
Keyword(s):  
Hydatid Cyst ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Visceral Larva Migrans ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Helminthic Infections ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Infected Meat

Helminthic parasites are multicellular worms that possess differentiated organ systems. They (with a few exceptions) do not replicate in the human host, and they tend to elicit eosinophilia within the tissues and blood of infected humans. Helminthic parasites include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). The major intestinal nematodes are roundworm, pinworm, hookworm, whipworm, and Strongyloides stercoralis. Trichinellosis is caused by five species of the nematode Trichinella and develops after ingestion of infected meat, usually pork or the meat of certain carnivores. Nematode infections of the major tissue are anisakiasis, visceral larva migrans,Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection, mammomonogamosis (syngamosis), gnathostomiasis, dracunculiasis, and filariasis. Trematode and cestode infections are also described in this chapter, including infections by fish, beef, and pork tapeworms, as well as cysticercosis. Disease from Paragonimus, Clonorchis, Fasciola, Fasciolopsis, and Schistosoma is covered. Echinococcus infection and hydatid cyst disease are discussed. Tables describe intestinal nematode infection and treatment and filarial parasites of humans. Figures illustrate a variety of helminthic parasites and their life cycles. This review contains 136 references.

scholarly journals Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome, Cytomegalovirus enteritis with viremia and recurrent gram-negative sepsis in a patient with recurrent thymoma: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1212
Author(s):  
Rama Narasimhan ◽  
Neetu Mariam Alex ◽  
Phani Machiraju ◽  
Meera Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patient ◽  
Myasthenic Crisis ◽  
Intravenous Ganciclovir ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Hyperinfection Syndrome ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion

Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode which is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries.  It may cause asymptomatic infections, mild eosinophilia or hyperinfection syndrome in the most severe form. We are reporting a case of Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome in an immunosuppressed patient with recurrent thymoma and myasthenic crisis. This patient is a 51-year-old man with myasthenia gravis on long term pyridostigmine and prednisolone and mycophenolate. He presented with copious diarrhoea and was in septic shock. His blood and urine cultures grew Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD scopy) and biopsy showed severe active duodenitis with strongyloidiasis and moderate active antral gastritis with strongyloidiasis. He was diagnosed to have Strongyloides hyperinfection and was treated with oral Ivermectin. He recovered well. He was subsequently diagnosed to have CMV enteritis with viraemia and was treated with intravenous Ganciclovir. Our case emphasizes the association of Strongyloides hyperinfection with superimposed CMV infection and gram-negative sepsis due to prolonged immunosuppression and autoimmunity in Thymoma patients. Recurrent thymoma and high-grade infiltrative thymoma often poses difficulty in the management of myasthenia patients. A high index of suspicion and aggressive treatment is paramount in approaching a patient with multiple risk factors of hyperinfection syndrome and autoimmunity. This case is reported in view of its rarity and significance regarding the multidisciplinary approach in decreasing morbidity and mortality in hyperinfection syndrome with an autoimmune background.

scholarly journals Strongyloides stercoralis in the Immunocompromised Population

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Keiser ◽  
Thomas B. Nutman
Keyword(s):  
Hematologic Malignancy ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Glucocorticoid Treatment ◽  
T Lymphotropic Virus ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hyperinfection Syndrome ◽  
And Migration

SUMMARY Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode of humans that infects tens of millions of people worldwide. S. stercoralis is unique among intestinal nematodes in its ability to complete its life cycle within the host through an asexual autoinfective cycle, allowing the infection to persist in the host indefinitely. Under some conditions associated with immunocompromise, this autoinfective cycle can become amplified into a potentially fatal hyperinfection syndrome, characterized by increased numbers of infective filariform larvae in stool and sputum and clinical manifestations of the increased parasite burden and migration, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and respiratory distress. S. stercoralis hyperinfection is often accompanied by sepsis or meningitis with enteric organisms. Glucocorticoid treatment and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection are the two conditions most specifically associated with triggering hyperinfection, but cases have been reported in association with hematologic malignancy, malnutrition, and AIDS. Anthelmintic agents such as ivermectin have been used successfully in treating the hyperinfection syndrome as well as for primary and secondary prevention of hyperinfection in patients whose exposure history and underlying condition put them at increased risk.

scholarly journals Strongyloides stercoralis Infestation in a Child: How a Nematode Can Affect Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2131
Author(s):  
Stefania Pane ◽  
Anna Sacco ◽  
Andrea Iorio ◽  
Lorenza Romani ◽  
Lorenza Putignani
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Pulmonary Involvement ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Stool Samples

Background: Strongyloidiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the intestinal nematode Strongyloides stercoralis and characterized by gastrointestinal and pulmonary involvement. We report a pediatric case of strongyloidiasis to underline the response of the host microbiota to the perturbation induced by the nematode. Methods: We performed a 16S rRNA-metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota of a 7-year-old female during and after S. stercolaris infection, investigating three time-point of stool samples’ ecology: T0- during parasite infection, T1- a month after parasite infection, and T2- two months after parasite infection. Targeted-metagenomics were used to investigate ecology and to predict the functional pathways of the gut microbiota. Results: an increase in the alpha-diversity indices in T0-T1 samples was observed compared to T2 and healthy controls (CTRLs). Beta-diversity analysis showed a shift in the relative abundance of specific gut bacterial species from T0 to T2 samples. Moreover, the functional prediction of the targeted-metagenomics profiles suggested an enrichment of microbial glycan and carbohydrate metabolisms in the T0 sample compared with CTRLs. Conclusions: The herein report reinforces the literature suggestion of a putative direct or immune-mediated ability of S. stercolaris to promote the increase in bacterial diversity.

scholarly journals Strongyloidosis Hyperinfection Syndrome in an HIV-Infected Patient: A Rare Manifestation of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartik Natrajan ◽  
Mahenderkumar Medisetty ◽  
Raviraj Gawali ◽  
Ajit Tambolkar ◽  
Divya Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Reconstitution ◽  
Immunocompromised Host ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Hyperinfection Syndrome ◽  
Advanced Hiv Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

Parasitic infections such as Strongyloides stercoralis and HIV have been reported to coexist, particularly in resource-limited settings such as India. In an immunocompromised host, S. stercoralis can progress to strongyloidiasis hyperinfection syndrome (SHS). However, SHS is not common in patients with advanced HIV disease. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) developing after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) can target multiple pathogens including S. stercoralis. The authors present here a 46-year-old HIV-infected female who was recently diagnosed with HIV-1 infection, started ART, and developed SHS. Her upper GI endoscopy revealed severe gastroduodenitis, and X-ray chest showed extensive bilateral pneumonitis. We could identify S. stercoralis in induced sputum and duodenal biopsy. We could also identify gut inflammation to restrict invading parasites. After receiving antihelminthic therapy, she showed improvement, a course of events that fit the diagnosis of unmasking S. stercoralis IRIS.

Pulmonary Hyperinfection Syndrome with Strongyloides stercoralis

CHEST Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 1475-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Chu ◽  
Warren L. Whitlock ◽  
Robert A. Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Hyperinfection Syndrome
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