THE ORAL LITERATURE OF THE IBAN IN BORNEO

2019 ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
Chemaline Anak Osup
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anthropological Study ◽  
Oral Form

This article examines the Iban oral literature (traditions) of the Iban society which includes fables, folklore, legends and myths that are orally transmitted and learned but continue to exist in oral form until the end of the 20th century. The objective of this article is stress the importance of oral literature in the Iban society because it is in this vast and incredibility beautiful literature that the cosmology of Iban society is revealed, and through this also the other people can perceive the soul of Iban culture. However, the Iban oral literature is very fragile as it remains in the memory of the elder generation who are rapidly dying out, and it may not survive long under the conditions of modernization. Therefore, the Iban society must preserve this oral literature in order to maintain its roots to the past as well as their dignity. Yet, this oral literature is critical for anthropological study because it provides information about the traditional Iban life. This article shows that, although the Iban lived in relatively isolated farming communities, they had the time to let their creativity expand and reveal or reflect the nature of their lives, their sorrows and joys, and their relationship through songs and chants, folklore, myths and legends, fables, stories and epics as well as riddles and sayings. This implicates that there is indeed an urgent need for immediate action to recover the dying oral literature because there is a sharp decline in the numbers of ritual specialists who can interpret the metaphors and words in the complex and aesthetic oral literature which contributes to the vast and accumulating universal knowledge of culture and traditions. It is significant to suggest that the Iban society must treasure their oral literature and translate these traditions before it is too late or dying out, as well as keeping it safe for them to appreciate and enjoy, otherwise this oral literature will be swallowed by the era of modernization in the Iban society itself.

scholarly journals The Curvature Effect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Corradi ◽  
Enric Munar
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Interior Design ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Curvature Effect ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
Experimental Aesthetics

Preference for curved over sharp-angled contours is a well-known effect. However, it was quite unexplored during the 20th century and only a few sporadic studies dealt with it. Nevertheless, there has been renewed interest in this topic over the past two decades. This interest has come from two perspectives, one related to the current experimental aesthetics and the other from different applied approaches: marketing, packaging, interior design, and security perception, among others. Quite a few studies have demonstrated the effect with different stimuli, conditions, and participants. However, a comprehensive understanding of this effect is still lacking. We present the salient issues of the current studies in order to provide a more complete picture of this phenomenon. The applied research line is a promising field to combine with research from experimental aesthetics. Finally, we indicate a few challenges that experimental research should address to achieve a unified framework for a better understanding of the curvature effect.

scholarly journals The Curvature Effect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Corradi ◽  
Enric Munar
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Interior Design ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Curvature Effect ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
Experimental Aesthetics

Preference for curved over sharp-angled contours is a well-known effect. However, it was quite unexplored during the 20th century and only a few sporadic studies dealt with it. Nevertheless, there has been renewed interest in this topic over the past two decades. This interest has come from two perspectives, one related to the current experimental aesthetics and the other from different applied approaches: marketing, packaging, interior design, and security perception, among others. Quite a few studies have demonstrated the effect with different stimuli, conditions, and participants. However, a comprehensive understanding of this effect is still lacking. We present the salient issues of the current studies in order to provide a more complete picture of this phenomenon. The applied research line is a promising field to combine with research from experimental aesthetics. Finally, we indicate a few challenges that experimental research should address to achieve a unified framework for a better understanding of the curvature effect.

The Political Doctrine of Feodor Samarin

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 391-398
Author(s):  
Kirill A. Solovyov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Conception ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intellectual Heritage ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to the political views of F.D. Samarin, his conception of the political system in Russia before 1905, constitutional reforms of 1905–1906 and Stolypin’s reforms. The author demonstrates how Samarin tried to adopt the Slavophile doctrine to the situation of the beginning of the 20th century. At that he had to carry on polemics both with the opponents of the Slavophilism and its supporters. On the one hand, this fact stresses Slavophilism diversity and its inner heterogeneity. On the other hand, it shows the nature of the Slavophile doctrine itself that resembled more the historiographic approach to researching the past than a well-structured political conception. Giving meaningful political content to Slavophile ideas depended fully on every single representative of the Slavophile intellectual heritage.

scholarly journals CLASSICISM AND NEO-CLASSICISMS IN THE HISTORY OF MUSIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Gabriel BULANCEA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Creative Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Rudimentary Form ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Looking Back

In one of his articles, Octavian Paler draws attention in a metaphorical-mythologizing manner upon one of the risks taken by those who chose tradition as their source of inspiration. The epigonic spirit, because this is what he refers to, cannot escape idolatrising tradition, phenomenon that happens within an alterity of the creative identity, within the pettiness of controlling the artistic means, within the infatuation of his own image which is placed under the protection of the great creative figures. The epigone masters in an embryonic form some techniques which, for various reasons, he cannot manipulate creatively. He is somehow suspended between two sensibilities, hence his failure. On the one hand, he is not aware of the risk of assuming past sensibilities, and on the other, he does not assume his contemporariness. Giving in to the temptation of looking too much into the past, the epigonic artist loses his identifying sensibility. “The mistake of neo-classicism, with its statues painted or sculpted based and antique models, is Orpheus’ mistake. As we no longer have the soul of the ancient Greeks, imitating their art is useless because in art too, looking back kills if there is no conscience of the irreversibility. From this point of view, there is no turning back unless in order to desolate everything” (Paler, 2016, pp. 189-190). This quote refers to neo-classicism perceived in its most rudimentary form, in which it would identify itself with the epigonic phenomenon. Of course, no relation of equality can be claimed between an epigone and a neo-classicist. If we are to give a brief definition in which to establish a relationship between these two terms, the epigone is a neo-classicist that lacks fantasy. Neo-classicism means to creatively take over technical means, past sensibilities in order to anchor them in the tumultuousness of contemporary times. Neo-classicism represents the happiest mixture between past and present, that form of artistic reverberation in which modernity still makes room for the seal of the past. Not servility, not obedience, not anachronism which denote the incapacity to assimilate new composing techniques or the lack of vigour of creative energies, but the power to adapt to new sensibilities through restorative interventions. Starting from here, we will trace a re-echeloning line of various types of neo-classic sensibilities specific to the end of the 19th century and to the entire 20th century

Ethical Theories and Approaches to Immigration in the United States: A Focus on Undocumented Immigrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 026537882199421
Author(s):  
Alex Sackey-Ansah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Undocumented Immigrants ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Immigration Reform ◽  
Ethical Theories ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ethical Stance

The United States has dealt with issues on immigration for over a century. The largest wave of immigration before the late 20th century began in the 1870s and peaked in 1910 (Foley & Hoge, 2007). In the past few decades, the United States has dealt overwhelmingly with the issue of undocumented immigrants. This challenge has led to different approaches to immigration reform and to help regulate the influx of immigrants across its borders. Generally, however, there have been two major sets of voices indicative of the opinion of the American populace. One group has called for tighter immigration rules to prevent the easy entry of undocumented immigrants who have been branded as criminals. The other group has taken a moral and ethical stance to permit the entry of immigrants and to formulate a process for their legal residency. These two opposing views have triggered an ongoing discussion on undocumented immigrants.

scholarly journals Why Study History

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Bhupendra Yadav
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rear View Mirror ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Utilitarian Value ◽  
Henry Ford ◽  
The Rich

The rich and famous have looked down upon history for most of the 20th century. In 1916, the pioneer car manufacturer, Henry Ford, declared „History is bunk‟ because it‟s an unwanted vestige of tradition. On the other hand, in 2005, Thomas Friedman, thought the past was overloaded with memories, these remembrances were the assassins of dreams and any society with more memories than dreams was destined to decay. Contrary to this, we argue here that history has four distinct uses, it is an aesthetic guide and moral teacher like biographies, it has a utilitarian value as a rear view mirror, it is a political device to legitimise nations and it is one epistemological tool to understand society.KeywHistoriography; Historical ords: History; thinking

LAW AND STAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (XX) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Aleksander Słysz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
Community Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
20Th Century History ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Mutual Relations

We have been looking for answers to the question: what is law and what is its relation to morality for several thousand years. It seems that the definitions and analyzes created so far are still insufficient. A look at the past proves that we are developing the law in this area, generally pushed to it by some tragic events that affect not only law but also universal culture. On the other hand, it is the broadly understood culture that shapes certain patterns of desired behavior much stronger than the law. Shaping the mutual relations between law, morality and pop culture should be the subject of reflection and scientific research. It seems that we are stuck in a certain stagnation, in a deadlock in the development of law, which started in the first half of the 20th century. History proves that we will be stuck in it at least until the next terrible event that will shock the international community, change the perspective and trigger a domino of change.

scholarly journals Kontrowersje wokół wystawy „Wymuszone drogi” na tle sporu o wypędzenia. Analiza debaty prasowej

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-43
Author(s):  
Paweł Ciołkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Post War

The fact that controversies about the past become the subject of public debate testifies to the growing significance of the role of collective memory. In Poland two such controversies emerged recently. The first was triggered off by Jan Tomasz Gross’s book Neighbours that describes the murder committed during the war on Jews by the Polish inhabitants of Jedwabne; the other is a consequence of the actions taken up by the head of the Union of the Expelled, Erika Steinbach, and her many years’ endeavours to create the so-called Centre Against Expulsions in Germany. The matter of post-war “expulsions” divided Polish disputants into adherents of two opposed points of view. One thread of the debate that started in 2000 embraces controversies around the exhibition: “Enforced Roads. Escapes and Expulsions in 20th Century Europe” opened in August 2006 that commemorates the victims of expulsions. The article analyses the press debate around this exhibition in the context of the earlier stages of this controversy. It also describes the changes of relations between the main standpoints and their influence on the ideas of the past.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Applications of Through-Focus Dark Field Image Shifts to Phase Identification

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Prakash Rao
Keyword(s):  
Dark Field Image ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dark Field Electron ◽  
Recent Extension

Image shifts in out-of-focus dark field images have been used in the past to determine, for example, epitaxial relationships in thin films. A recent extension of the use of dark field image shifts has been to out-of-focus images in conjunction with stereoviewing to produce an artificial stereo image effect. The technique, called through-focus dark field electron microscopy or 2-1/2D microscopy, basically involves obtaining two beam-tilted dark field images such that one is slightly over-focus and the other slightly under-focus, followed by examination of the two images through a conventional stereoviewer. The elevation differences so produced are usually unrelated to object positions in the thin foil and no specimen tilting is required.In order to produce this artificial stereo effect for the purpose of phase separation and identification, it is first necessary to select a region of the diffraction pattern containing more than just one discrete spot, with the objective aperture.

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