scholarly journals COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 17: Fortnightly reporting period ending 24 May 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Median Number ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Overseas Travel

Confirmed cases in Australia notified up to 24 May 2020: notifications = 7,135; deaths = 102. The incidence of COVID-19 has markedly reduced since a peak in mid-March. There have been no cases reported in SA, the NT or the ACT in the last four weeks. The numbers of new cases reported from other jurisdictions continue to be very low. Testing rates have been higher across all jurisdictions, with Victoria reporting an 85% testing rate increase and NSW a 40% increase over this period. The positivity rate nationally continues to remain very low at less than 0.1% over the reporting period. Continued high rates of testing are necessary to detect and mitigate the spread of COVID-19 in the community. Over the past fortnight, 45% of cases acquired their infection overseas. Of cases considered to be locally acquired over this period, most were associated with contacts of confirmed cases or were associated with known outbreaks. The highest rate of COVID-19 continues to be among people aged 65–79 years. Three-quarters of all cases in this age group have been associated with overseas travel, including several outbreaks linked to cruise ships. The lowest rate of disease is in children under 18, a pattern reflected in international reports. A small proportion of cases overall have experienced severe disease, requiring hospitalisation or intensive care with some fatalities. The crude case fatality rate amongst Australian cases is 1.4%. People who are older and have one or more comorbidities are more likely to experience severe disease. A combination of early case identification, physical distancing, public health measures and a reduction in international travel have likely been effective in slowing the spread of the disease in Australia. In addition, the median number of days between symptom onset and diagnostic testing has improved considerably from 7 days in the early phase of the outbreak to 1 day in the latest phase of the epidemic. Internationally, as at 24 May 2020, there have been recent increases in the number of daily cases reported globally. The largest numbers of both cases and deaths have been reported in the United States. Of the confirmed cases reported globally, the case fatality rate is approximately 6.5%. Countries in South America are starting to see rapid acceleration, while the United States is seeing a very slow decline in its daily new case numbers. In the South East Asia region, India and Bangladesh are seeing accelerating epidemics, compounded by the recovery from Cyclone Amphan. Increasing numbers of cases are also being reported in Africa, although the numbers are much smaller. In the Pacific there are very few daily new cases reported.

scholarly journals COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 18: Fortnightly reporting period ending 7 June 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Overseas Travel ◽  
Early Case

Notified cases of COVID-19 and associated deaths reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) to 7 June 2020. Confirmed cases in Australia notified up to 7 June 2020: notifications = 7,277; deaths = 102. Over the past fortnightly reporting period, the number of new cases in all jurisdictions continues to decline, or remain very low, and testing rates continue to be high across all jurisdictions, with the positivity rate remaining very low at less than 0.1%. The incidence of COVID-19 has markedly reduced since a peak in mid-March. A combination of early case identification, physical distancing, public health measures and a reduction in international travel have been effective in slowing the spread of disease in Australia. Of the 147 cases notified between 25 May and 7 June, 63% acquired their infection overseas. The proportion of cases locally acquired has dropped substantially to 28% of new cases this period compared with 50% and greater observed since 30 March 2020. Of the cases considered to be locally-acquired over this period, most were associated with contacts of confirmed cases or were associated with known outbreaks. A small proportion of overall cases have experienced severe disease, requiring hospitalisation or intensive care with some fatalities. The crude case fatality rate amongst Australian cases is 1.4%. People who are older and have one or more comorbidities are more likely to experience severe disease. The highest rate of COVID-19 continues to be among people aged 65–79 years. Three-quarters of all cases in this age group have been associated with overseas travel, including several outbreaks linked to cruise ships. The lowest rate of disease is in children under 18, a pattern reflected in international reports. Internationally, as of 7 June 2020, the largest numbers of both cases and deaths have been reported in the United States. Of the confirmed cases reported globally, the case fatality rate is approximately 5.8%. Countries in South America are seeing rapid growth in case numbers, while the United States is seeing a steady decline in its daily new case numbers. Case numbers in Europe remain relatively steady, with several countries in Eastern Europe experiencing rapid growth. In the South East Asia region, India and Bangladesh are seeing accelerating epidemics, compounded by the recovery from Cyclone Amphan. Reported cases are increasing in Africa, although the numbers are much smaller. In the Pacific there are few new cases reported daily.

scholarly journals COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 19 (Fortnightly reporting period ending 21 June 2020)

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Identification ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Overseas Travel ◽  
Early Case

Notified cases of COVID-19 and associated deaths reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) to 21 June 2020. Confirmed cases in Australia notified up to 7 June 2020: notifications = 7,491; deaths = 102. Over the past fortnightly reporting period, the number of new cases in most Australian states remains low; however, an increase in locally-acquired cases is observed for Victoria. Testing rates continue to be high across all jurisdictions, with the nationwide positivity rate remaining very low at less than 0.1%. The incidence of COVID-19 has markedly reduced since a peak in mid-March (Figure 1). A combination of early case identification, physical distancing, public health measures and a reduction in international travel have been effective in slowing the spread of disease in Australia. Of the 215 cases notified between 8 and 21 June, 75% (163 cases) were notified from Victoria. Most of these cases were acquired locally, in contrast with cases notified from other states (NSW, Qld and WA) where most new cases have been overseas-acquired. Of locally-acquired cases in Victoria in this period, 54% were associated with contacts of a confirmed case or in a known outbreak, while 46% were unable to be linked to another case. In response, the Victorian Government has re-introduced restrictions for household and outdoor gatherings and has delayed plans to ease other restrictions. A small proportion of overall cases have experienced severe disease, requiring hospitalisation or intensive care, with some fatalities. The crude case fatality rate amongst Australian cases is 1.4%. People who are older and have one or more comorbidities are more likely to experience severe disease. The highest rate of COVID-19 continues to be among people aged 65–79 years. Three-quarters of all cases in this age group have been associated with overseas travel, including several outbreaks linked to cruise ships. The lowest rate of disease is in children under 18 years, a pattern reflected in international reports. Internationally, as of 21 June 2020, the largest numbers of both cases and deaths have been reported in the United States. Of the confirmed cases reported globally, the case fatality rate is approximately 5.3%. Other countries in the Americas region, such as Brazil and Chile, are seeing rapid growth in case numbers. Case numbers in Europe remain relatively steady, while there is significant growth in the South East Asia region, including in India and Bangladesh. Reported cases are increasing in Africa, although the numbers are much smaller. In the Pacific there are few new cases reported daily.

CASE FATALITY IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH PERTUSSIS, 1942-1946

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 840-852
Author(s):  
JEROME L. KOHN ◽  
ALFRED E. FISCHER ◽  
HERBERT H. MARKS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
One Year ◽  
In Infants And Children

Analysis of data on patients with pertussis during 1942-1946 obtained by means of a questionnaire from communicable disease hospitals and from health officers in a number of cities in the United States and Canada showed these results: Case fatality rates of patients admitted to hospitals for treatment have declined substantially in the period under review. This decline is general, both among infants under one year of age and among older children. In 1946, the case fatality rate of the infants hospitalized for the disease was 5.0% in those cities for which data for at least four years were available. This may be compared with the rate of 7.8% in 1942 and 11.1% in 1943. At ages one year and over, the rate was only 1.3% in 1946, as compared with 1.7% in 1942 and 3.7% in 1943. The rates in the hospitals with larger experiences were generally more favorable than in hospitals with smaller experiences. Despite the incomplete reporting of pertussis, which results in exaggerating the case fatality rate for the general population, the level of these rates in the community as a whole was lower than for hospitalized cases. This reflects the higher proportion of the severer cases in the hospitalized group. Indications are that in many places hospitalization is limited more and more to severe cases. Progress in the management of pertussis, especially of the severer cases admitted to hospitals, is believed to be the chief factor in the decline in case fatality of pertussis. A request contained in the questionnaire for an opinion on the severity of pertussis during the period studied elicited few replies, and these replies showed a division of opinion on the matter. It appears unlikely that there has been much of any change in the severity of the disease.

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in Adults in the United States, 2003

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1036-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar M. AL-Rawajfah ◽  
Frank Stetzer ◽  
Jeanne Beauchamp Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Nationwide Inpatient Sample ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
The Us ◽  
National Estimates

Background.Although many studies have examined nosocomial bloodstream infection (BSI), US national estimates of incidence and case-fatality rates have seldom been reported.Objective.The purposes of this study were to generate US national estimates of the incidence and severity of nosocomial BSI and to identify risk factors for nosocomial BSI among adults hospitalized in the United States on the basis of a national probability sample.Methods.This cross-sectional study used the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the year 2003 to estimate the incidence and case-fatality rate associated with nosocomial BSI in the total US population. Cases of nosocomial BSI were defined by using 1 or more International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes in the secondary field(s) that corresponded to BSIs that occurred at least 48 hours after admission. The comparison group consisted of all patients without BSI codes in their NIS records. Weighted data were used to generate US national estimates of nosocomial BSIs. Logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for nosocomial BSI.Results.The US national estimated incidence of nosocomial BSI was 21.6 cases per 1,000 admissions, while the estimated case-fatality rate was 20.6%. Seven of the 10 leading causes of hospital admissions associated with nosocomial BSI were infection related. We estimate that 541,081 patients would have acquired a nosocomial BSI in 2003, and of these, 111,427 would have died. The final multivariate model consisted of the following risk factors: central venous catheter use (odds ratio [OR], 4.76), other infections (OR, 4.61), receipt of mechanical ventilation (OR, 4.97), trauma (OR, 1.98), hemodialysis (OR, 4.83), and malnutrition (OR, 2.50). The total maximum rescaled R2 was 0.22.Conclusions.The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was useful for estimating national incidence and case-fatality rates, as well as examining independent predictors of nosocomial BSI.

scholarly journals Mortality among the early cases of COVID-19 and its association with key comorbidities in a large state in South India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3882
Author(s):  
Suhas Bhat ◽  
Rohan Kolla ◽  
Shashank D. Shindhe ◽  
Surekha B. Munoli
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Large State ◽  
Death Time ◽  
The Impact

Background: The mortality associated with the pandemic COVID-19 is a subject of intense scrutiny as COVID-19 can cause severe disease leading to hospitalization in ICU and potentially death, especially in the elderly with comorbidities. A statistical analysis is carried out to study the impact of age, gender and comorbidities on deaths among early one lakh infected population of Karnataka, a large state in south India.Methods: Daily case fatality rate and adjusted case fatality rate (CFR) (adjusted to median death time) are estimated. The impacts of age, gender and comorbidities on mortality outcomes of COVID patients are studied.Results: The daily CFR on 27th July for Karnataka is estimated from the dataset to be 1.93%. However, the adjusted CFR based on the median number of days from diagnosis to death was found to be 2.15% (95% confidence interval 2%-2.3%) on that day. The deaths among male patients outnumber those in females. As far as age of the patients is concerned, more than 50% of the deaths occurred in the age group 50-60 and 60-70 years. Majority of deaths reported in the state were associated with at least one of the comorbidity. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were the most significant comorbidities.Conclusions: The daily adjusted CFR for the study region is found to be lower than the CFR of the whole nation. Also the age, gender and comorbidities were found to be associated with the deaths as opposed to the infection alone. It was also deduced that, patients with a history of diabetes or hypertension or ischemic heart disease or a combination of any of these were most likely to experience severe outcomes of the infection. 

scholarly journals Global Pandemic Trends of COVID-19 in 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Zhen Chen ◽  
Bo Cai ◽  
Jian-Guo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
The World

Abstract Background: The novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) has been global threaten to public health. This paper provides perspective to the decision-making for public health control of the pandemic or the spread of epidemic.Methods: According to the WHO global reported database, we developed and used the number of cumulative cases, and the number of cumulative deaths to calculate and analyze rates of incidence, mortality, and fatality by country, with respect to the 30 highest outbreak (Top 30) countries.Results： As of December 31, 2020, of the global population of 7.585 billion, the cumulative number of reported cases was 81,475,053, and the cumulative number of deaths was 1,798,050. The incidence rate of COVID-19 was 1074.13 per 100,000 population, the mortality rate was 23.70 per 100,000, and the case fatality rate was 2.21%. Among the Top 30 countries, the five countries with the highest number of reported cumulative cases were, in rank, the United States (19,346,790 cases), India (10,266,674), Brazil (7,563,551), Russia (3,159,297) and France (2,556,708), and the five countries with the highest number of cumulative deaths were the United States (335,789 cases), Brazil (192,681), India (148,738), Mexico (123,845) and Italy (73,604). Globally, the countries with the highest incidence rate were, in rank, Andorra, Luxembourg, Montenegro, San Marino, and Czechia; the countries with the highest mortality rate were, in rank, San Marino, Belgium, Slovenia, Italy, and North Macedonia. The highest fatality rate was found in Yemen, Mexico, Montserrat, Isle of Man, and Ecuador, respectively. In China, 96,673 cases of COVID-19 and 4788 deaths were reported in 2020, ranking the 78th and the 43rd, respectively, in the world. The incidence rate and mortality rate were 6.90/105 and 0.34/105, respectively, ranking 207th and 188th in the world. The case fatality rate was 4.95%, ranking 11th in the world.Conclusions： The COVID-19 prevalence is still on the rise, and the turning points of incidence and mortality are not yet forecasted. Personal protection, anti-epidemic measures and efforts from public health personnel, medical professionals, biotechnology R&D personnel, effectiveness of the vaccination programs and the governments, are the important factors to determine the future prevalence of this coronavirus disease.

Introduction

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supp 1) ◽  
pp. S1-S2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Poveda
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
European Union ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gynecological Malignancies

Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer, representing 5% of all cancers in women. It has the highest case-fatality rate of all gynecological malignancies. In the European Union, there are approximately 48,000 new cases of ovarian cancer and 31,000 deaths per year. Similarly, in the United States, there are approximately 25,500 new cases per year, with 16,000 deaths associated.

The Impact of Hospital Bed Density on the COVID-19 Case Fatality Rate in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 746-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Bloom ◽  
Sina Foroutanjazi ◽  
Abhishek Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Hospital Bed ◽  
The Impact
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