scholarly journals The Retino-Hypothalamic Ultrastructural Changes in Traumatic Optic Neuropathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyseyenko N
Keyword(s):  
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ◽  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Optic Nerves ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I

Aim: To study the retino-hypothalamic ultrastructural changes in traumatic optic neuropathy’s pathogenesis and treatment. Methods: Four groups of mature rabbits were included in this experiment, 30 in each group, 120 in total. The traumatic crush to the optic nerves was reproduced by surgical clips to 90 mature rabbits. The first group (I) included intact/control animals, the second (II) included animals with traumatic optic neuropathy and two other traumatized groups (III and IV) who were given two different doses of treatment. The animals in group III were given infusions of Methylprednisolone 30mg/kg/day for three days. The group IV animals received infusion of 15mg/kg/ day of Methylprednisolone for 3 days in combination with phosphine electric stimulation (PES), starting from the third until the 13th day of the experiment. The electrical pulse which was used on the affected side of the animal was 800 mА and 300 mА on the opposite side. The morphological analysis of the retina and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus of all the four groups of animals included electron microscopy of the semi-thin and ultrathin sections. This analysis was performed a month following the initial injury while the animals were removed from the experiment. The levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood of all experimental animals was tested up to one month following the injury to the optic nerves. Results: We found that trauma to the orbital part of the optic nerve causes collocative necrosis of ganglion cells and swelling of the nerve fiber layer of the ipsilateral retina. In addition, such traumatic damage causes structural changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Combined treatment of methylprednisolone with phosphine electro stimulation in traumatized rabbits reduced the thickness of the retina, reduced the cytokaryometric indices and the regeneration processes of bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina. Histopathologically we found an increased number of neurosecretory granules in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. ACTH levels in the blood of the group III rabbits were found to be lower, while the cortisol levels higher, and these hormone levels in the IV group rabbits were quite similar to those of the group which was not treated. Conclusion: The combined treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy in rabbits with phosphine electrostimulation and methylprednisolone can be considered a useful treatment, having a beneficial neuroprotective effect.

scholarly journals Protective effects of quercetin in a rodent model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-nan Lyu ◽  
Jing-yu Min ◽  
Yuanyuan Gong ◽  
qing Gu ◽  
fang Wei
Keyword(s):  
Intravitreal Injection ◽  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Rodent Model ◽  
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
High Power Field ◽  
Optic Nerves

Abstract Background: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is the leading cause of sudden optic nerve-related (ON-related) vision loss in elderly people. However, no considerable treatments are available for the neuroprotection of NAION. The purpose of this study was to detect the effects of intravitreal injection of quercetin (Qcn) in a rodent model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION). Methods: The rAION model was established using verteporfin and laser in a photodynamic procedure on the optic discs (ON) of rats. The rats received intravitreal injection of Qcn 2 days before the injury and once/week for 4 weeks after the infarct on optic neuropathy. Flash-visual evoked potential (VEP) were recorded to assess the visual function. TUNEL and retrograde Fluorogold labeling assessed the apoptosis and density of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). ED-1 and Iba-1 staining of the optic nerves displayed the inflammatory response. Results: At 14 days post-infarct, Qcn treatment significantly reduced the number of apoptotic RGCs, as well as, ED1/Iba-1-positive cells/high power field(HPF) in the ON (p<0.01) as compared to the rAION group. At week 4 after rAION, 28.4% VEP amplitudes were estimated in the treated eyes of the fellow eyes in the rAION group and 64.7% in the rAION+Qcn group (p<0.01). In addition, Qcn saved the RGCs in the central retinas as compared to those of the rAION group (1967.5±162.1 and 2868±325.3 mm2, respectively (p<0.01), and the corresponding densities were 1654.8±104.8 and 2208±272.9 mm2 in the mid-peripheral retinas, respectively (p<0.01). Conclusion: The intravitreal injection of Qcn could protect the RGCs from injury in the rAION animal model, as demonstrated anatomically by RGC density and functionally by F-VEP. Moreover, Qcn might exert an anti-apoptosis role in the survival of RGCs and anti-inflammatory in the optic nerves.

Outcomes of Steroid Therapy in Combination with Endoscopic Optic Nerve Decompression Surgery for Direct Traumatic Optic Neuropathy: A Case-Series

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 1166-1171
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Light Perception ◽  
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Nerve Decompression

Background: Direct traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) carries a poor prognosis. However, the outcome of this injury is diverse and is related to time to treatment and treatment protocol. Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of the combined treatment protocol in patients with direct TON. Materials and Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients between January 2015 and August 2019. Main outcome was visual acuity (VA) improvement after the treatment. Results: Thirteen patients (15 eyes) were included. The mean age was 38.61 years with a range of 13 to 65 years. Initial VA varied from no light perception (NPL) in seven eyes of six patients, light perception (PL) in one eye, counting fingers in two eyes, 20/200 in three eyes, and 20/60 in two eyes. Average timing to treatment was 2.8 days (range 0 to 7 days). There were no side effects of high-dose corticosteroids treatment in all patients. During a follow-up period of three months, six of 13 patients (46.1%) had VA improvement. Conclusion: Despite poor prognosis of direct TON, the combined treatment protocol provides a favorable successful rate with most patients on having stable vision, and some having visual improvement from reducing intracanalicular pressure of the optic nerve. Keywords: Endoscopic optic nerve decompression; Traumatic optic neuropathy; Visual acuity; Case series

scholarly journals Ultrastructural evaluation of urine alkalinization versus hydration on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1366-1377
Author(s):  
B Korucu ◽  
I Unal ◽  
M Pekcan ◽  
AC Inkaya ◽  
H Yeter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Urine Alkalinization ◽  
Group Ii

Objectives: Colistin is a vital antibiotic used in multidrug-resistant infections. Its most important side effect is nephrotoxicity. Colistin is a weak acid. This study aims to evaluate whether urine alkalinization is protective in the nephrotoxicity of colistin. Methods: Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups. Group I ( n = 4) was injected with intramuscular distilled water twice a day for 7 days. Group II ( n = 8) was injected with 750,000 IU/kg/day colistin for 7 days. Group III ( n = 8) was injected with the same dose of colistin after their urinary pH was ≥7 through the addition of bicarbonate in their drinking water. Group IV ( n = 8) was injected with the same dose of colistin after their urine density fell below 1010 through the addition of NaCl molds in their food and 12.6 mg/L NaCl in their drinking water. Results: According to tubular degenerations (scored 0–5), group I scored 0, group II scored 4.25, group III scored 2, and group IV scored 1.5. In groups III and IV, protection was achieved ( p = 0.001). The bicarbonate group was not superior to the NaCl group ( p = 0.789). In transmission electron microscopy, group III had more microvilli integrity and autophagic vacuoles compared to group IV. Group IV had mitochondrial swelling and cristae lysis. A lower urine density was related to lower tubular scores ( p = 0.001). Conclusions: Colistin was highly nephrotoxic without protection. Light microscopy findings revealed that urinary alkalinization and NaCl hydration were similarly protective. Urine alkalinization further prevents ultrastructural changes as revealed by electron microscopy.

MYOCARDIAL SALVAGE BY COMBINED TREATMENT WITH RECOMBINANT SINGLE-CHAIN UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR AND RECOMBINANT HUMAN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE IN A CANINE CORONARY THROMBOSIS MODEL*

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Finke ◽  
J Schneider ◽  
E Friderichs ◽  
L Flohé ◽  
H Giertz
Keyword(s):  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Myocardial Salvage ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Reperfusion Arrhythmias ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Thrombosis Model ◽  
Group I ◽  
Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Group Ii

Recanalization of thrombotic coronary occlusion with fibrinolytic treatment is a promising approach to salvage jeopardized ischemic myocardium. However, the success of thrombolytic treatment of myocardial infarction may be curtailed by the risk inherent to reperfusion. Cell damage upon reoxygenation after an ischemic period is tentatively attributed to the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals. Improved myocardial salvage is therefore expected from coadministration of a free radical scavenger and fibrinolytic treatment. We tested this hypothesis in a canine model of left anterior circumflex coronary artery (LCX) thrombosis. Thrombolysis was achieved with the fibrin- selective single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator of recombinant origin (r-scu-PA). As enzymatic scavenger of oxygen radicals recombinant human superoxide dismu-tase (r-HSOD) was used. The three experimental groups were: group I (n=4) did not receive any treatment after LCX thrombosis; in group II (n=9) at 100 min after LCX thrombosis r-scu-PA (20 μg/kg/min i.v. for 30 min) was infused; dogs in group III (n=8) received concomitant treatment with r-scu-PA and r-HSOD (10 mg/kg i.v. for 60 min). Infarct size as percent of the risk zone was 38.2 ± 4.1 in group I, 25.3 ± 3.7 in group II (p ≤ 0.05 vs group I) and 14.9 ± 3.2 in group III (p ≤ 0.05 vs group II). Incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias and increase in plasma CK were significantly diminished by r-HSOD when compared to dogs receiving r-scu-PA only. There were no significant differences in hemodynamic parameters between the groups. In conclusion, in terms of infarct size reduction, suppression of reperfusion arrhythmias and attenuation of intracellular enzyme release the combined treatment with r-scu-PA and r-HSOD yielded a significant higher myocardial salvage versus thrombolytic treatment alone in a canine LCX thrombosis model.* This work is part of the doctoral dissertation of Miss U. Fincke

Coexpression of Multiple Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Axon Terminals of Single Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1932-1938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gong Chen ◽  
Anthony N. van den Pol
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Gaba Release ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Group I ◽  
Second Messenger Pathways

Chen, Gong and Anthony N. van den Pol. Coexpression of multiple metabotropic glutamate receptors in axon terminals of single suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1932–1938, 1998. Glutamate is the primary excitatory transmitter in axons innervating the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and is responsible for light-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms generated by the SCN. By using self-innervating single neuron cultures and patch-clamp electrophysiology, we studied metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) expressed by SCN neurons. The selective agonists for group I (3,5-dihydroxy-phenylglycine), group II ((S)-4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine), and group III (l(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid) mGluRs all depressed the evoked IPSC in a subset (33%) of single autaptic neurons, suggesting a coexpression of all three groups of mGluRs in the same axon terminals of a single neuron. Other neurons showed a variety of combinations of mGluRs, including an expression of only one group of mGluR (18%) or coexpression of two groups of mGluRs (27%). Some neurons had no response to any of the three agonists (22%). The three mGluR agonists had no effect on postsynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor responses, indicating a presynaptic modulation of GABA release by mGluRs. We conclude that multiple mGluRs that act through different second messenger pathways are coexpressed in single axon terminals of SCN neurons where they modulate the release of GABA presynaptically, usually inhibiting release.

scholarly journals Antiinflammatory therapy of neurotrophic corneal diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
E. V. Yani ◽  
E. N. Orlova ◽  
V. A. Golikova
Keyword(s):  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Antiinflammatory Therapy ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Neurotrophic Keratitis ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Group Ii

Clinical data on new directions in combined treatment of neurotrophic keratitis, including anti-inflammatory therapy are presented.Purpose. To compare the effectiveness of bromfenac 0.09 %, nepafenac 0.1 % and indomethacin 0.1 % eye drops in the treatment of neurotrophic keratitis (NK).Materials and methods. 22 NK patients, aged 34 to 78, were divided into three groups. Group I received bromfenac 0.09 %, group II, nepafenac 0.1 %, and group III, indomethacin 0.1 %. Ophthalmic tests included visometry, biomicroscopy, corneal sensitivity determination, as well as diagnostic tests to determine indicators of tear production (Schirmer test, Norn test, LIPCOF test), and measuring lacrimal meniscus height.Results. Between visits V2 and V3, patients of group III showed an increase in conjunctival irritation to an average of 2.3 points, while groups I and II revealed the condition of the conjunctiva at 0.9 and 1.1 points, respectively. The lesion area was evaluated in points (max = 20) and averaged on V1 6.8 points in group I, 5.9 points in group II and 7.2 points in group III. Keratopathy in group I which was estimated at 3.8 points before V2, dropped to 1.4 points by V3. In group III it was 1.7 points by V3. In group II, keratopathy showed only 4.1 points by V3. The average Norn test on the day of treatment showed 2.7 seconds in group I, 2.5 seconds in group II, and 3.1 seconds in group III. No significant increase in Schirmer's test results in all groups was recorded.Conclusion. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops of various groups — bromfenac 0.09%, nepafenac 0.1 % and indomethacin 0.1 % — gave a positive result in NK therapy. However, bromfenac 0.09% instillations administered once a day produce a higher anti-inflammatory effect then the same quantity of nepafenac 0.1% and indomethacin 0.1 % instillations.

Treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy using human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells in Asian patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2163-2179
Author(s):  
Youngje Sung ◽  
Sang Min Lee ◽  
Mira Park ◽  
Hye Jeong Choi ◽  
Sukho Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Asian Patients

Aim: To assess the safety and feasibility of subtenon transplantation of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) in Asian patients with traumatic optic neuropathy. Materials & methods: The survival of retinal ganglion cells in the rat retina was evaluated by monitoring the expression of Tuj1 and Gfap after optic nerve compression. Based on the preclinical data, we conducted a Phase I, open label, single center, nonrandomized clinical trial in four Asian traumatic optic neuropathy patients. The safety and ophthalmologic changes were evaluated. Results: The levels of Tuj1 and Gfap expression were significantly increased in the hPMSC treatment group compared with the sham group, suggesting a protective effect of hPMSCs on the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells. There was no evidence of adverse proliferation, tumorigenicity, severe inflammation or other serious issues during the 12-month follow-up period. Visual acuity improved in all four patients. Conclusion: The results suggested that hPMSCs are safe and have potential utility in regenerative medicine. Clinical trial registration number: 20150196587 (Korean FDA), 2015-07-123-054 (IRB).

scholarly journals Neuroprotective effect of Erigeron Breviscapus (vant) Hand-mazz extract on retinal ganglion cells in rabbits with chronic elevated intraocular pressure

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-sheng Zhong ◽  
Min-hong Xiang ◽  
Wen Ye ◽  
Ping Huang ◽  
Yu Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Elevated Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Erigeron Breviscapus

Abstract Background: Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are protected in rats with acute elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) by Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) hand-mazz (EBHM). However, it is unclear whether EBHM has neuroprotective effect on RGCs in animal with chronic elevated IOP. Objective: Investigate the protective effect of EBHM extract on RGCs in rabbits with chronic elevated IOP. Methods: Unilateral chronic elevated IOP was produced in rabbits by repeated injection of 2% methylcellulose into the anterior chamber. Secondary degeneration was measured with and without EBHM extract treatment for 60 days. At 60 days, the cells density of the RGCs layer, the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and the optic nerve axons were observed and analyzed using an image analysis system. The ultrastructural changes of RGCs and optic nerve axons were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Results: Compared with their contralateral control eyes with normal IOP, in the retinas of 3-4 mm from the optic disc, the cells density of the RGCs layer in the eyes with chronic elevated IOP was 23.2±6.5 cells (n = 6) and 36.0±8.9 cells (n = 10) per three 400x fields at 60 days in untreated and EBHM-treated group, respectively. The RNFL thickness in eyes with chronic elevated IOP was 3.4±0.4 μm (n = 6) and 5.0±1.0 μm (n = 10) at 60 days in untreated and EBHM-treated group, respectively. The axons number per 15057.8 μm2 in eyes with chronic elevated IOP was 370.4±41.0 (n = 6) and 439.0±50.8 (n = 10) at 60 days in untreated and EBHM-treated group, respectively. The number of the organelles in RGCs plasm appeared decreased and mitochondrion vacuolated in the elevated IOP eyes of EBHM-treated group, while some dispersive mitochondrion and rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and ribosome still existed in the RGCs plasm. The myelin sheath plates condensed and degenerated, and the microfilaments and microtubules decreased or disappeared in the elevated IOP eyes, but the axons degeneration in the chronic elevated IOP with EBHM treatment was less than that in the chronic elevated IOP without treatment. Conclusion: EBHM extract provided a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells in rabbits with chronic elevated IOP.

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