Municipal Solid Waste Analysis: Case Study on Gorakhpur City, Uttar Pradesh, India

City sanitation plans are strategic planning processes for city wise sanitation sector development. Exponential increase in population and rapid economic development led to an increase in generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) which impacts the sanitation of a city. Also, emission of toxic gases from MSW dumpsites are the main threat to the environment and public health. In the present study, data regarding solid waste management has been collected and studied the current scenario of the municipal solid waste system of Gorakhpur city, Uttar Pradesh, India. MSW composition, physical and chemical analysis has been performed and Methane gases (CH4) generated from MSW of the city is quantified using LandGEM 3.02. Waste composition shows that city generates paper (6.33%), organic matter (56.1%), wood (1.36%), textile (3.73%), plastic (1.11%), Rubber (0.56%), glass (1.6%) and inert material (29.17%). With the same rate of MSW generation, CH4 emission will amount to 6.6X103 Mg/yr, 1.9x104 Mg/yr of CO2 and 4.33x101 Non methanic organic carbon (NMOC) by 2050. MSW analysis resulted in high moisture content of 35 -40% and organic matter of 56.1%. Based on the physio chemical analysis, suitable waste to energy option that could be adopted are biogas generation and vermi composting from the biodegradable component of MSW. Rest 36% of non-biodegradable part of MSW could be converted to Reduced Derived Fuel (RDF).

National and regional waste stream in the United States: conformance and disparity

Accurate estimation of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition is critical for efficient waste management. In the United States, site-specific and material flow approaches determine the MSW composition at regional and national levels. The material flow-based national estimates are determined by the U.S. EPA; the U.S. EPA’s estimates are known to differ substantially from the aggregated tonnage of MSW managed by waste handling facilities in the United States. However, the material class-specific discrepancies of the U.S. EPA’s material flow approach resulting in these differences are unknown. To find the basis of these discrepancies, we analyze the discarded MSW stream of 27 U.S. states, which roughly accounts for 73 percent of the U.S. population. Our analysis indicates that the material flow-based national estimates are accurate for the food, plastic, and glass material classes. In contrast, we find that the U.S. EPA’s material flow-based predictions underestimate paper waste disposal by at least 15 million tons annually. These differences likely stem from incorrect assumptions of residence time. These results highlight the material class-specific strengths and drawbacks of the U.S. EPA’s material flow-based MSW estimates.

ASSESSMENT OF LAND RESOURCE POTENTIAL AND SOLID WASTE RECYCLING METHODS

This paper analyzes the environmental load exerted by the solid waste landfills of Turkistan and Kentau cities and the villages of the Sauran district of the Turkistan region. The data of morphological analysis of MSW composition stored in the territories of these landfills are presented. This paper aims to present the possibility of reducing the amount of some waste types deposited at landfills on the basis of their direct use as secondary raw materials for various purposes. The possibility of using solid waste components in greenhouses and other facilities construction has been shown by recycling plastic and glass bottles, as well as other industrial waste. On the basis of experimental data, it was concluded that with widespread introduction of waste recycling, by saving materials, it will make it possible to reduce the cost of economic facilities construction and to minimize the harmful impact of waste on environment.

Utilization of Refuse Derived Fuel for Energy Recovery Processes: Prediction of Environmental Emissions and Thermal Behaviour in Combustion Processes

In the present study, the environmental emissions from co-combustion of refuse derived fuel (RDF) in cement plants and coal-fired power plants are predicted using mass and energy flow modeling. Mumbai was considered as study area and RDF characteristics were assessed using MSW composition in Mumbai. The modeling results suggested that with increase in RDF share in fuel mixture, significant reduction in environmental parameters such as winter smog, global warming and acidification potentials could be achieved, though the electricity and heat generation were reduced. This problem can be overcome by improving the quality of RDF. Moreover, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of individual RDF components (compostable organic matter, paper, wood and plastic) was carried out in oxidative environment to understand their thermal stability. Average activation energies for plastic, wood and compostable organics (98.6–183 kJ/mol) were comparable to those reported for coal. The results suggest that coal and RDF co-combustion should not affect the combustion profile. Moreover, high plastic content in RDF can assist in control of combustion process and also can enhance its calorific value.

Effective Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste as Substitute for Natural Resources in Cement Industry

The aim of this study was to evaluate the municipal solid waste (MSW) composition of Peshawar city and its affective utilization for energy purpose in the cement industry. A total 14 days consecutive testing of MSW samples was conducted for winter and summer periods for the purpose of evaluation of the waste composition followed by calculating its heating values. Compliance level of MSW at source was determined which was based upon the questionnaire distribution followed by the financial analysis and feasibility evaluation of the project. The results revealed that the average waste composition of the samples consists of organic waste contents (20.72%), combustible items (37.86%), readily saleable items (20.95%) and other miscellaneous waste items (20.46%). Moreover, the samples were then tested for the evaluation of calorific value and it was found that the heating value of MSW is recorded up to 35513 KJ/Kg whereas; the value for coal is around 38000 KJ/Kg. These findings revealed that the replacement of coal by MSW may be more efficient and might be effectively utilized in the production of cement as the energy production of MSW and coal is nearly same. In addition, the utilization of MSW as a replacement of coal has a great potential of enhancing the service life of the landfills. Besides, NPV analysis of this study revealed that the project is worthwhile to be implemented as it shows high returns regarding financial aspects.

Introduction to Solid Waste and Its Management

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal has become an increasingly serious problem in many parts of the world. In general, greater economic prosperity and a higher percentage of urban population correspond to a greater amount of solid waste produced. However, less effort has been exerted in the proper management of solid wastes produced by urban dwellers, particularly in developing countries. This chapter introduces the basic MSW rules. MSW composition, production, and collection are also highlighted. Furthermore, the concept of landfilling and waste decomposition is discussed in this chapter.

Feasibility and Barriers for Anaerobic Digestion in Mexico City

Due to the high organic fraction in municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in Mexico City, anaerobic digestion (AD) is considered as a viable treatment method for organics in this study. The most feasible way refers to the waste from the wholesale market Central de Abasto, which is predominantly organics. This work aims to perform a business plan and discuss the barriers for AD technology in Mexico. In this case study, the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) approach is applied to estimate the profitability of the project. The net present value of this project is positive, and the model resulted in a payback period of 7 years. Identified barriers to feasibility of energy generation through biogas of MSW in Mexico include the need for large investment, low profitability through sales of electricity, and no use for generated heat. An attractive panorama for clean energy in Mexico was not evidenced, even though the Energy Reform took place in 2013. However, the environmental analysis also demonstrates a positive environmental impact of 730 kg CO2 per 1 Mg of MSW. Therefore, support incentives are needed to promote the use of other by-products of the AD process, such as heat and digestate.

Seasonal Changes of Municipal Waste Generation and Content

The scientific objective of this study is to develope a methodology for the investigation of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in Lithuania. Investigations have been performed in Kaunas, which is the second large city of Lithuania. The obtained results are a contribution to assess, evaluate, and predict possible development scenarios of the municipal waste management sector in east European countries. Possible scenarios consider improved separate collection systems in combination with landfilling, mechanical-biological treatment and/or incineration. Further the results provide scientific knowledge which is necessary to understand waste generation and composition. This information is crutial to avoid future emissions to the environment resulting from current waste treatment practice. A further aim is to better understand the interplay of natural, social and economic factors influencing the quality and quantity of MSW in Eastern Europe. In this paper we present the preliminary results of consecutive MSW analysis at the waste collection and transfer station in Kaunas City over a period of two years.