The role of extrinsic variation—cohabiting juvenile fish species exhibit similar otolith elemental signatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 646 ◽  
pp. 109-125
Author(s):  
LM Cavole ◽  
JA Miller ◽  
P Salinas-de-León ◽  
O Aburto-Oropeza ◽  
JR Marin Jarrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Galapagos Archipelago ◽  
Elemental Uptake ◽  
Yellow Snapper ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

The effect of extrinsic (environmentally based) and intrinsic (physiologically based) controls on otolith elemental signatures remains poorly understood. We evaluated the relative importance of both extrinsic and intrinsic factors using juvenile fish in Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) mangroves. To assess extrinsic influences, we compared the cohabiting yellow snapper Lutjanus argentiventris and sailfin grouper Mycteroperca olfax from the Galápagos Archipelago. To evaluate intrinsic influences, we compared yellow snapper from the Gulf of California (Mexico) and the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador). The 2 cohabiting species in the Galápagos exhibited very similar otolith elemental signatures, with no significant differences observed for Li, Cu, Mg, Mn, Rb, and Sr (univariate ANOVAs, p > 0.05), and a small separation achieved between these species (ANOSIM test, R = 0.01, p = 0.038). The yellow snappers from Galápagos and the Gulf of California exhibited distinct elemental signatures increasing from Rb, Cu, Mn, Sr, Li to Ba (univariate ANOVAs, p < 0.05), with a large separation between them (ANOSIM test, R = 0.55, p = 0.001). The present study suggests that extrinsic factors (e.g. water chemistry, temperature, salinity) can be more important than intrinsic factors (e.g. physiology, growth rates, genetics) for influencing elemental uptake in the otoliths of juveniles from mangrove waters. However, improved understanding of factors influencing elemental incorporation is still needed to ensure accurate interpretation of field data, especially in dynamic oceanographic systems, which is the case for both the Gulf of California and the Galápagos Archipelago.

scholarly journals Maternal aggression in rodents: brain oxytocin and vasopressin mediate pup defence

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1631) ◽  
pp. 20130085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver J. Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Maternal Aggression ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Protective Behaviour ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

The most significant social behaviour of the lactating mother is maternal behaviour, which comprises maternal care and maternal aggression (MA). The latter is a protective behaviour of the mother serving to defend the offspring against a potentially dangerous intruder. The extent to which the mother shows aggressive behaviour depends on extrinsic and intrinsic factors, as we have learned from studies in laboratory rodents. Among the extrinsic factors are the pups’ presence and age, as well as the intruders’ sex and age. With respect to intrinsic factors, the mothers’ innate anxiety and the prosocial brain neuropeptides oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) play important roles. While OXT is well known as a maternal neuropeptide, AVP has only recently been described in this context. The increased activities of these neuropeptides in lactation are the result of remarkable brain adaptations peripartum and are a prerequisite for the mother to become maternal. Consequently, OXT and AVP are significantly involved in mediating the fine-tuned regulation of MA depending on the brain regions. Importantly, both neuropeptides are also modulators of anxiety, which determines the extent of MA. This review provides a detailed overview of the role of OXT and AVP in MA and the link to anxiety.

scholarly journals Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Influencing Employee Motivation: Lessons from AMREF Health Africa in Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Morangi Nyambegera ◽  
Caroline Njambi Gicheru
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Salary Structure ◽  
Data Collection Instrument ◽  
Correlation Statistics ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

<p>The purpose of the study was to determine the factors that influence employee motivation in Kenyan Organizations. The study was guided by the following research questions: (i) what are the extrinsic factors that influence employee motivation in AMREF Health Africa in Kenya? (ii) what intrinsic factors influence employee motivation in AMREF Health Africa in Kenya? A descriptive research design was adopted. Stratified random sampling technique was used to draw a sample size of 96 respondents. The data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire developed by the researchers.  A set of descriptive and correlation statistics were adopted for analysis. The study identified several intrinsic factors that influence employee motivation. These included employee achievements, recognition, work itself, responsibility and advancement, salary structure, the level to which the employees feel appreciated, and the employee perception of their jobs among other factors. The study further, established that the intrinsic factors that influence employee motivation include empowerment and autonomy, employees’ view of their work, organization trust, skill variety requirements among others. The study recommends that the organization should acknowledge and make use of a proper mix of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in their human resource management practices to ensure that employees are well motivated to perform their tasks.</p>

The Role of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors on the Departure Decisions of a Long-Distance Migratory Passerine

Ardeola ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miren Andueza ◽  
Juan Arizaga ◽  
Eduardo Jorge Belda ◽  
Emilio Barba
Keyword(s):  
Long Distance ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Departure Decisions ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

scholarly journals See, Feel, Taste: The Influence of Receptacle Colour and Weight on the Evaluation of Flavoured Carbonated Beverages

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Line Mielby ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Sidsel Jensen ◽  
Anne Bertelsen ◽  
Ulla Kidmose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Carbonated Beverages ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

A study was designed to assess whether the individual and combined effects of product-intrinsic and product-extrinsic factors influence the perception of, and liking for, carbonated beverages. Four hundred and one participants tasted samples of one of three flavours (grapefruit, lemon, or raspberry) of carbonated aromatised non-alcoholic beer. The beverages were served in receptacles that differed in terms of their colour (red or black) and weight (lighter—no added weight, or heavier—20 g weight added). Each participant received the same beverage in each of the four different receptacles, and rated how much they liked the drink. They also evaluated the intensity of each beverage’s sweetness, bitterness, sourness, and carbonation. The results revealed a significant influence of the colour of the receptacle on perceived carbonation, with the beverages tasted from the red receptacles being rated as tasting more carbonated than when served in black receptacles. In terms of flavour, the participants liked the raspberry beverage significantly more than the others, while also rating it as tasting sweeter and less bitter than either of the other flavours. Furthermore, there was a more complex interaction effect involving the weight of the receptacle: Specifically, the perceived bitterness of the beverage moderated the relationship between the receptacle weight and the perceived carbonation. At high levels of bitterness, the drinks were perceived to be more carbonated when served from the heavier receptacle as compared to the lighter one. These findings highlight the complex interplay of product extrinsic and intrinsic factors on the flavour/mouthfeel perception and preference for beverages, and stress the importance of taking both internal product development and external packaging into account in the design of health-oriented beverages.

scholarly journals Control of Foodborne Biological Hazards by Ionizing Radiations

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 878
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tanveer Munir ◽  
Michel Federighi
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Regulatory Status ◽  
Consumer Values ◽  
Ionizing Radiations ◽  
Irradiation Process ◽  
Food Safety And Quality

Ionization radiations are used to ensure food safety and quality. This irradiation process uses ions of beta or gamma rays to inactivate or destroy the food spoilage pests, microorganisms and their toxins without significantly increasing the temperature of the treated product. Meanwhile, various intrinsic and extrinsic factors are involved in determining the efficacy of ionization irradiation against these organisms. Therefore, the dose of radiations is recommended according to the type of irradiation, substrate and microorganisms. However, controversies are surrounding the use of irradiations in the food industry due to a negative perception of irradiations. This manuscript described the use of ionization radiations to control the foodborne biological hazards and increase shelf life. Firstly, the characteristics and mode of action of irradiations were discussed. Secondly, the role of extrinsic and intrinsic factors influencing the radioresistance of biological hazards were elaborated. This literature review also detailed the differential effects of irradiations on different microorganisms and pests having a role in food safety and deterioration. Finally, the regulatory status and the consumer values along with the controversies surrounding the use of ionization irradiations in the food sector were explained.

Workplace Arrogance and Job Satisfaction

2018 ◽  
pp. 54-82
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Specific Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

This chapter could be considered as an attempt to clarify the relationship between workplace arrogance and job satisfaction. Thus, the authors examine and study this relationship by focusing on the role of self-esteem between these two concepts. Hence, the main result of this theoretical study is that workplace arrogance is negatively related to job satisfaction. Although this finding could be considered as a theoretical contribution, more studies are requested to investigate the specific relationship between workplace arrogance, self-esteem, and job satisfaction with its two dimensions: extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Does self-esteem play a mediated or moderated role in this relationship?

Falls and working individuals: role of extrinsic and intrinsic factors

Ergonomics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (14) ◽  
pp. 1330-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Gauchard ◽  
N. Chau ◽  
J. M. Mur ◽  
P. Perrin
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

scholarly journals Adolescent BMI: The Importance of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-161
Author(s):  
Molly Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Sexual Encounter ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Multinomial Logit Models ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Weight Classification

Objectives:Research shows that weight trends in adolescence persist into adulthood, but do the same factors contribute to weight in adolescence as in adulthood? Are extrinsic factors presumably more important than intrinsic characteristics? This study identifies the correlation between BMI and various intrinsic and extrinsic factors and evaluates their relative importance in BMI development. It compares the primary determinants for adolescents (12-20 years old) and adults (21+ years old).Methods:Using 15 years of panel data, generalized linear models, we assessed the impact of extrinsic-environmental, biological, geographic and household-and intrinsic-sexual activity, substance use, desire to lose weight,etc.-characteristics on adolescent and adult BMI. Multinomial logit models tested the contribution of these characteristics to weight categories.Results:Race and age were the most significant BMI correlates at all ages. This remains true for weight classification as well. For young adolescents, intrinsic factors are highly deterministic, while extrinsic factors play no role. As adolescents age into adults, intrinsic factors continue to be deterministic, while extrinsic covariates also emerge as deterministic. Intrinsic determinates of significance include age of first sexual encounter, tobacco experimentation, perspective on general health, and desire to lose weight (or stay the same weight).Conclusion:While biological/genetic attributes are the largest determinants of BMI at every age, intrinsic factors play a larger role in adolescent BMI development than adults. As individuals age, intrinsic determinants remain important, but extrinsic characteristics contribute significantly to weight classification. Thus, the weight determinants differ between adolescents and adults suggesting different methods of policy intervention be used for adolescents and adults.

scholarly journals The Metabolic Mechanisms of Breast Cancer Metastasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingling Wang ◽  
Shizhen Zhang ◽  
Xiaochen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Breast Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Metastatic Sites

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Metastasis is mainly responsible for treatment failure and is the cause of most breast cancer deaths. The role of metabolism in the progression and metastasis of breast cancer is gradually being emphasized. However, the regulatory mechanisms that conduce to cancer metastasis by metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer have not been expounded. Breast cancer cells exhibit different metabolic phenotypes depending on their molecular subtypes and metastatic sites. Both intrinsic factors, such as MYC amplification, PIK3CA, and TP53 mutations, and extrinsic factors, such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, and acidosis, contribute to different metabolic reprogramming phenotypes in metastatic breast cancers. Understanding the metabolic mechanisms underlying breast cancer metastasis will provide important clues to develop novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

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