scholarly journals PAIN INTENSITY AND PAIN INTERFERENCE AMONG TRAUMA PATIENTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deya Prastika ◽  
Luppana Kitrungrote ◽  
Jintana Damkliang
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Brief Pain Inventory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pain Interference ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Transfer Energy ◽  
Functional Interference ◽  
Specific Tissue

Background: The incidence of trauma has been high and has gained attention worldwide. The energy involved in trauma results in specific tissue damage. Such tissue damage generally leads to pain. The high pain intensity possibly is consequence of trauma due to transfer energy to the body from external force and absorbed in wide area. This pain affected patients’ physical and psychological function, in which well known as pain interference.Objective: The aim of this review is to describe the pain intensity and pain interference among trauma patients.Method: A systematic search of electronic databases (CINHAL, ProQuest, Science Direct, and Google scholar) was conducted for quantitative and qualitative studies measuring pain intensity and pain interference. The search limited to hospitalized trauma patients in adult age.Results: The search revealed 678 studies. A total of 10 descriptive studies examined pain intensity and pain interference and met inclusion criteria. The pain intensity and pain interference was assessed using Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). Pain intensity of hospitalized trauma patients were moderate to severe. These including 6 studies in orthopedic trauma, one study in musculoskeletal, two in studies in combinational between orthopedic and musculoskeletal, and two studies in burn injury. Moreover, the patients also reported pain was relentless & unbearable. In accordance, data showed that pain interference was moderate to severe from six studies. These studies result in vary of functional interference. However, those studies examined pain interference on sleep, enjoyment of life, mood, relationship with other, walking, general activity, and walking.Conclusion: The evidence from 10 studies included in this review indicates that hospitalized trauma patients perceived moderate to severe pain intensity and pain interference. Further research is needed to better evaluate the pain of hospitalized trauma patients.

scholarly journals Pain experience, pain management strategies and satisfaction of hospitalized trauma patients in Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Deya Prastika ◽  
Luppana Kitrungrote ◽  
Jintana Damkliang
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Pain Interference ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Analgesic Drugs ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Experience Pain

Although trauma is a common cause of greater pain and interference on daily activities, little is known about pain experience, pain management strategies and pain management outcomes in hospitalized trauma patients in Indonesia. This descriptive study aimed (1) to assess the pain experience, (2) to describe pain management strategies, and (3) to describe satisfaction with pain management conducted by healthcare providers as perceived by trauma patients. A total of 154 hospitalized trauma patients from a teaching hospital in Indonesia were recruited from January to March 2016. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that most of the hospitalized trauma patients had single extremity fractures (56.49%) and mild head injury (20.13%). They have experienced a mild to moderate level of pain intensity and pain interference during the first three days of admission. These pain intensity and pain interference levels were found to be significantly decreased from the first to the third day. The pain management strategies often used by the healthcare providers were showing interest and asking about pain, assessing the outcomes after receiving analgesic drugs, and giving information about pain. The pain management strategies often used by patients were praying (86.36%), slow and deep breathing (77.27%), and reciting Dzikir (meditation) (68.18%). Patients reported that performing Dzikir and praying were the effective strategies to reduce their pain. The patients rated moderate to high levels of satisfaction with pain management conducted by healthcare providers. Therefore, combinations analgesic drugs with praying and performing Dzikir related to cultural contexts are crucial to alleviate pain among hospitalized trauma patients in Indonesia.

scholarly journals The Effects of Wireless Micro Current Stimulation for Partial Thickness Burn Injury Treatment

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Defry Utama ◽  
Aditya Wardhana
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transfer Energy ◽  
Partial Thickness ◽  
Partial Thickness Burn

Backgrounds: The body has its own bioelectric system that influences wound healing. Wireless Micro Current Stimulation (WMCS) or Electrical Stimulation (ES) is defined as the use of an electrical current to transfer energy to a wound. The type of electricity transferred is controlled by the electrical source. Although scarce, there have been studies proposing that this type of electricity increased healing rate of various wounds. However the effect of this electrical stimulation on burn wounds has not yet been studied.Patient and Methods: We present case series of superficial and deep partial thickness burns treated with ES and examine its effect on healing process. Six cases of second degree burn admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (RSCM) from March–May 2011. They were chosen randomly to be treated with WMCS/ES. We applied the stimulation on the wound one hour daily. The wound was cleansed conventionally with moist gauze before and after the stimulation.Results: All the patients reported that they feel comfort during and after the application. We found epithelialization within 6 to 9 days. However we cannot determined if the WCMS/ES induce faster wound healing, because we do not compare it with other treatment. Summary: From six cases that we studied, we concluded that, the use of this WCMS/ES could have an effect of the epithelialization within 6-9 days. All the patients reported that they feel comfort during and after the application of WMCS/ES.

scholarly journals Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness of Videoconference-Based Integrated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayoko Taguchi ◽  
Noriko Numata ◽  
Rieko Takanashi ◽  
Ryo Takemura ◽  
Tokiko Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Brief Pain Inventory ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Pain Interference

BACKGROUND Cognitive behavioral therapy is known to improve the management of chronic pain. However, the components of this therapy are still being investigated and debated. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an integrated cognitive behavioral therapy program with new components (attention-shift, memory work, video feedback, and image training) delivered via videoconferencing. METHODS This study was unblinded and participants were recruited and assessed face-to-face in the outpatient department. We conducted a randomized controlled trial for chronic pain to compare 16 weekly videoconference-based cognitive behavioral therapy (vCBT) sessions provided by a therapist with treatment as usual (TAU). Thirty patients (age range, 22-75 years) with chronic pain were randomly assigned to either vCBT (n=15) or TAU (n=15). Patients were evaluated at week 1 (baseline), week 8 (midintervention), and week 16 (postintervention). The primary outcome was the change in pain intensity, which was recorded using the numerical rating scale at 16 weeks from the baseline. Secondary outcomes were pain severity and pain interference, which were assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory. Additionally, we evaluated disability, pain catastrophizing cognition, depression, anxiety, quality of life, and cost utility. RESULTS In the eligibility assessment, 30 patients were eventually randomized and enrolled; finally, 15 patients in the vCBT and 14 patients in the TAU group were analyzed. Although no significant difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of changes in pain intensity by the numerical rating scale scores at week 16 from baseline (<i>P</i>=.36), there was a significant improvement in the comprehensive evaluation of pain by total score of Brief Pain Inventory (–1.43, 95% CI –2.49 to –0.37, <i>df</i>=24; <i>P</i>=.01). Further, significant improvement was seen in pain interference by using the Brief Pain Inventory (–9.42, 95% CI –14.47 to –4.36, <i>df</i>=25; <i>P</i>=.001) and in disability by using the Pain Disability Assessment Scale (–1.95, 95% CI –3.33 to –0.56, <i>df</i>=24; <i>P</i>=.008) compared with TAU. As for the Medical Economic Evaluation, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for 1 year was estimated at 2.9 million yen (about US $25,000) per quality-adjusted life year gained. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study suggest that integrated cognitive behavioral therapy delivered by videoconferencing in regular medical care may reduce pain interference but not pain intensity. Further, this treatment method may be cost-effective, although this needs to be further verified using a larger sample size. CLINICALTRIAL University Hospital Medical Information Network UMIN000031124; https://tinyurl.com/2pr3xszb

The scope and nature of pain in persons with multiple sclerosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M Ehde ◽  
T L Osborne ◽  
M A Hanley ◽  
M P Jensen ◽  
G H Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Brief Pain Inventory ◽  
Postal Survey ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Pain Interference ◽  
Standardized Measures

Much remains unknown about the scope, nature, and impact of pain on the lives of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study, 180 community dwelling adults with MS completed a postal survey that included demographic measures, MS disease measures, and several standardized measures of pain, including pain intensity, variability, location, and pain-related interference. Some 66% of the sample reported pain, 25% of whom reported severe pain. Persons with pain reported an average of 6.6 distinct pain sites. Using the Brief Pain Inventory Interference Scale, the average level of overall pain interference was 3.33 (0- 10 scale) in the group reporting pain. The highest levels of pain interference were reported for sleep, recreational activities, and work in and outside the home. Persons with pain were more likely to report greater MS disease severity, poorer psychological functioning, and poorer health than persons with MS but not pain. Persons with pain were also less likely to be employed. These findings are consistent with previous research that shows that pain is common in MS, that it is severe in a substantial subset of these individuals and has the potential to negatively impact physical and psychosocial functioning over and above the effects of MS itself.

69 Defining Numerical Cutoff Values for Mild, Moderate, and Severe Pain in Adult Burn Survivors

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S48-S49
Author(s):  
Gretchen J Carrougher ◽  
Alyssa M Bamer ◽  
Claudia Baker ◽  
Stephanie A Mason ◽  
Barclay T Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Pain Interference ◽  
Cut Points ◽  
Burn Survivors ◽  
Average Pain ◽  
F Statistics

Abstract Introduction Pain is a common and often debilitating sequelae of a significant burn injury. Clinicians and researchers need clinically valid, reliable pain measures to guide treatment decisions and to provide evidence for study protocol development. Pain rating scores that represent mild, moderate, and severe pain in the burn survivor population have not been established. The aim of this study was to determine the numerical pain intensity rating scores that best represent mild, moderate, and severe pain in adult burn survivors. Methods Average pain intensity visual analog scale (VAS; 0–10) and customized PROMIS pain interference short form was administered to adult burn survivors (age ≥18) treated at a regional burn center at hospital discharge and at 6, 12, and 24-months postburn. To identify the optimal VAS scores for mild, moderate, and severe pain we computed F values and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) statistics associated with multiple ANOVA comparisons for mean pain interference scores by various VAS pain intensity cut points. Six possible cut points (CP) were compared: CP 3,6; CP 3,7; CP 4,6; CP 4,7; CP 2,5; and CP 3,5. For example, CP 3,6 refers to pain categorized as mild (0–3), moderate (4–6), and severe (7–10). Optimal cutoffs were those with the highest ANOVA F statistics. Models with similar F statistics were compared using changes in BIC. Results 178 participants (85% white, 65% male, mean age of 46 years) with pain intensity and interference scores at one or more timepoints comprised the study sample. The optimal classification for mild, moderate, and severe pain at baseline and 12-months was CP 2,5. Although CP 3,6 had the highest F value at 6-months, there was not strong evidence to support CP 3,6 over CP 2,5 (BIC difference: 2.9); similarly, CP 3,7 had the highest value at 24-months, but the BIC difference over CP 2,5 was minimal (2.2). Conclusions We recommend that visual analog pain intensity scores for adult burn survivors be categorized as mild (0–2), moderate (3–5), and severe (6–10). These findings advance our understanding regarding the meaning of pain intensity ratings following a burn injury and provide an objective definition for clinical management, quality improvement, and pain research.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Association Between Smoking Status, Pain Intensity, and Functional Interference in Patients with Chronic Pain

2008 ◽  
Vol 5;11 (10;5) ◽  
pp. 643-653
Author(s):  
Toby N. Weingarten
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Brief Pain Inventory ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Pain Clinic ◽  
P Value ◽  
Functional Interference ◽  
Normal Work

Background: This article examines the association between smoking and pain intensity and functional interference in a heterogeneous group of patients evaluated at a tertiary outpatient pain clinic. Current smoking is associated with less favorable clinical presentations. Objective: This study was conducted to determine if the smoking status of patients seen in an outpatient pain clinic is associated with differences in pain intensity and interference. Methods: Surveys were mailed to 500 consecutive new patients evaluated at an outpatient pain clinic. Measures included the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Univariate analyses compared BPI scores between smokers and non-smokers. Mean BPI scores were compared between smoking status via analysis of covariance (adjusted for demographic variables which differed significantly by smoking status). A p value ≤ 0.05 was accepted as significant. Results: Survey completion rate was 46%, and 14.7% were current smokers. Smokers were younger, and more likely to be male and unemployed. Smokers had higher scores on all the pain intensity BPI scales (p < 0.01), and higher scores (indicating greater functional impairment) on the general activity (p = 0.007), mood (p = 0.003), normal work (p = 0.02), relationships (p = 0.04), sleep (p < 0.001), and life enjoyment (p = 0.03) BPI functional impairment scales. Severe nicotine dependence was associated with greater pain now, (p = 0.05), and greater functional interference on mood (p = 0.005), normal work (p = 0.02) and life enjoyment (p = 0.04) BPI scales. Conclusion: In patients who completed evaluation in an outpatient pain clinic, current cigarette smokers reported significantly greater pain intensity and pain interference with functioning. Symptoms were more pronounced in smokers with more severe nicotine dependence. Key words: smoking status; outpatient pain management; brief pain inventory; Fagerström test for nicotine dependence

Development of and psychometric testing for the Brief Pain Inventory–Facial in patients with facial pain syndromes

2010 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Y. K. Lee ◽  
H. Isaac Chen ◽  
Christopher Urban ◽  
Anahita Hojat ◽  
Ephraim Church ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Facial Pain ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Psychometric Testing ◽  
Brief Pain Inventory ◽  
Pain Interference ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Object Outcomes in clinical trials on trigeminal pain therapies require instruments with demonstrated reliability and validity. The authors evaluated the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) in its existing form plus an additional 7 facial-specific items in patients referred to a single neurosurgeon for a diagnosis of facial pain. The complete 18-item instrument is referred to as the BPI-Facial. Methods This study was a cross-sectional analysis of patients who completed the BPI-Facial. The diagnosis of classic versus atypical trigeminal neuralgia (TN) was made before analyzing the questionnaire results. A hypothesis-driven factor analysis was used to determine the principal components of the questionnaire. Item reliability and questionnaire validity were tested for these specific constructs. Results Data from 156 patients were analyzed, including 114 patients (73%) with classic and 42 (27%) with atypical TN. Using orthomax rotation factor analysis, 3 factors with an eigenvalue > 1.0 were identified—pain intensity, interference with general activities, and facial-specific pain interference—accounting for 97.6% of the observed item variance. Retention of the 3 factors was confirmed via a Cattell scree plot. Internal reliability was demonstrated by calculating Cronbach's α: 0.86 for pain intensity, 0.89 for interference with general activities, 0.95 for facial-specific pain interference, and 0.94 for the entire instrument. Initial validity of the BPI-Facial instrument was supported by the detection of statistically significant differences between patients with classic versus atypical pain. Patients with atypical TN rated their facial pain as more intense (atypical 6.24 vs classic 5.03, p = 0.013) and as having greater interference in general activities (atypical 6.94 vs classic 5.43, p = 0.0033). Both groups expressed high levels of facial-specific pain interference (atypical 6.34 vs classic 5.95, p = 0.527). Conclusions The BPI-Facial is a rigorous measure of facial pain in patients with TN and appears to have sound psychometric properties and is responsive to differences between classic and atypical TN. Future studies must assess the instrument's test-retest reliability, validity in additional populations, and responsiveness with respect to changes in patient outcomes following neurosurgical interventions and medical therapies.

Ecological momentary assessment of the relationship between headache pain intensity and pain interference in women with migraine and obesity

Cephalalgia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (13) ◽  
pp. 1228-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Graham Thomas ◽  
Jelena Pavlovic ◽  
Richard B Lipton ◽  
Julie Roth ◽  
Lucille Rathier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Brief Pain Inventory ◽  
Pain Interference ◽  
Headache Diary ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Background While pain intensity during migraine headache attacks is known to be a determinant of interference with daily activities, no study has evaluated: (a) the pain intensity-interference association in real-time on a per-headache basis, (b) multiple interference domains, and (c) factors that modify the association. Methods Participants were 116 women with overweight/obesity and migraine seeking behavioral treatment to lose weight and decrease headaches in the Women’s Health and Migraine trial. Ecological momentary assessment, via smartphone-based 28-day headache diary, and linear mixed-effects models were used to study associations between pain intensity and total- and domain-specific interference scores using the Brief Pain Inventory. Multiple factors (e.g. pain catastrophizing (PC) and headache management self-efficacy (HMSE)) were evaluated either as independent predictors or moderators of the pain intensity-interference relationship. Results Pain intensity predicted degree of pain interference across all domains either as a main effect (coeff = 0.61–0.78, p < 0.001) or interaction with PC, allodynia, and HMSE ( p < 0.05). Older age and greater allodynia consistently predicted higher interference, regardless of pain intensity (coeff = 0.04–0.19, p < 0.05). Conclusions Pain intensity is a consistent predictor of pain interference on migraine headache days. Allodynia, PC, and HMSE moderated the pain intensity-interference relationship, and may be promising targets for interventions to reduce pain interference.

scholarly journals Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness of Videoconference-Based Integrated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain: Randomized Controlled Trial

10.2196/30690 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. e30690
Author(s):  
Kayoko Taguchi ◽  
Noriko Numata ◽  
Rieko Takanashi ◽  
Ryo Takemura ◽  
Tokiko Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Brief Pain Inventory ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Pain Interference

Background Cognitive behavioral therapy is known to improve the management of chronic pain. However, the components of this therapy are still being investigated and debated. Objective This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an integrated cognitive behavioral therapy program with new components (attention-shift, memory work, video feedback, and image training) delivered via videoconferencing. Methods This study was unblinded and participants were recruited and assessed face-to-face in the outpatient department. We conducted a randomized controlled trial for chronic pain to compare 16 weekly videoconference-based cognitive behavioral therapy (vCBT) sessions provided by a therapist with treatment as usual (TAU). Thirty patients (age range, 22-75 years) with chronic pain were randomly assigned to either vCBT (n=15) or TAU (n=15). Patients were evaluated at week 1 (baseline), week 8 (midintervention), and week 16 (postintervention). The primary outcome was the change in pain intensity, which was recorded using the numerical rating scale at 16 weeks from the baseline. Secondary outcomes were pain severity and pain interference, which were assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory. Additionally, we evaluated disability, pain catastrophizing cognition, depression, anxiety, quality of life, and cost utility. Results In the eligibility assessment, 30 patients were eventually randomized and enrolled; finally, 15 patients in the vCBT and 14 patients in the TAU group were analyzed. Although no significant difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of changes in pain intensity by the numerical rating scale scores at week 16 from baseline (P=.36), there was a significant improvement in the comprehensive evaluation of pain by total score of Brief Pain Inventory (–1.43, 95% CI –2.49 to –0.37, df=24; P=.01). Further, significant improvement was seen in pain interference by using the Brief Pain Inventory (–9.42, 95% CI –14.47 to –4.36, df=25; P=.001) and in disability by using the Pain Disability Assessment Scale (–1.95, 95% CI –3.33 to –0.56, df=24; P=.008) compared with TAU. As for the Medical Economic Evaluation, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for 1 year was estimated at 2.9 million yen (about US $25,000) per quality-adjusted life year gained. Conclusions The findings of our study suggest that integrated cognitive behavioral therapy delivered by videoconferencing in regular medical care may reduce pain interference but not pain intensity. Further, this treatment method may be cost-effective, although this needs to be further verified using a larger sample size. Trial Registration University Hospital Medical Information Network UMIN000031124; https://tinyurl.com/2pr3xszb

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