scholarly journals Establishing drought-tolerant pasture species on east coast downlands by direct drilling

1994 ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
T.J. Fraser ◽  
D.C. Hewson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Alternative Species ◽  
Summer Fallow

Successful establishment of drought-tolerant pastures through direct drilling on erosion prone dry East Coast downlands can be guaranteed if some simple management practices are put in place. Pasture mixtures containing mainly Grasslands Wana cocksfoot, Grasslands Maru phalaris Grasslands Roa tall fescue and Grassland Tahora white clover were direct drilled into 450 ha on 60 paddocks in North Otago. Establishment of new pastures on paddocks that had been double herbicide treated prior to sowing (spray-fallow technique), were significantly superior to those treatments that only had a single spray prior to drilling. Correct sowing depth was made possible with the use of the Massey University bioblade direct drill. Its inverted 'T' coulter creates an underground cavort with sufficient tilth to provide an ideal microclimate for seedling establishment. The success of the programme is reflected in the fact that 50% of farmers involved have established new pasture by direct drilling since the programme was implemented, 93% intend establishing pastures by direct drilling in the future and 98% hive sown, or intend to sow, pastures using alternative species to perennial ryegrass. Keywords: direct drilling, drought-tolerant species, erosion, pasture establishment, spray-fallow technique, summer fallow

scholarly journals Target populations for direct-drilled ryegrass and tall fescue

1995 ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
J-P Praat ◽  
W.R. Ritchie ◽  
C.J. Baker ◽  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Alternative Species

Establishment, botanical composition and production of direct-drilled perennial ryegrass and tall fescue were compared for two seeding rates in an autumn-sown, grazed trial. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. AU Triumph) was sown at either 17 or 3 1 kg/ha and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Grasslands Supernui) was sown at 12 and 23 kg/ha on 12 April, 1990 all with "Grasslands Pitau" white clover at 3 kg/ha. Measurements of herbage mass and botanical composition during the ensuing 2-year period showed that there was no advantage in terms of suppression of weed species or accumulation of herbage mass of the sown species from sowing more seed than that required to achieve a population of 450-500 plants/m2 of either ryegrass and tall fescue 6 weeks after sowing. A population of 150 white clover plants/m2 appeared to be adequate for development of a balanced sward. Establishment of fescue was slower than that of ryegrass but both species developed to productive swards after infrequent but close defoliation with dairy cattle in the first spring and subsequent rotational grazing by lactating dairy cows. Pasture establishment in Northland is difficult because of shallow topsoils. Direct drilling can preserve this fragile topsoil and successfully establish alternative species such as fescue as long as attention is paid to their establishment requirements. Alternative species may offer a solution to low feed availability of ryegmss in the summer and poor survival of ryegrass in poorly drained areas during the winter. Keywords: direct drilling, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, pasture establishment, seeding rate

scholarly journals Demonstration of dryland species on 90 east coast North Island farms

1993 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
G.D. Milne ◽  
S.C. Moloney ◽  
D.R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
The North ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Direct Drilling

A drought pasture demonstration programme was established on the east coast of the North Island, between 1990 and 1992. Dryland pasture species were established on 1500 ha, on 91 farms, to encourage other farmers to use them rather than relying totally on perennial ryegrass. 97% of pastures were established successfully, proving to farmers that dryland pasture species can be established reliably. As well as establishing pastures after cultivation, it was also proven that these species can be reliably established by direct drilling, or by oversowing onto hill country, using techniques developed in this programme. Some farmers monitored the amount of grazing obtained from the new pastures, and found that on average they received 112% more grazing annually than resident pastures, the largest increases occurring in summer. Many farmers also reported better animal growth rates on the new pastures, especially in summer and autumn. Monitoring of species presence in tiller cores has shown the sown species to be persisting well to date (Nov 1992), with the exceptions of tall fescue and grazing brome when sown onto hill country. The programme reinforced factors important in the establishment and grazing management of dryland pastures. The programme has brought about a noticeable change in attitude to dryland species, and seed sales have increased markedly while ryegrass sales have decreased. Keywords: Cichorium intybus, Dactylis glomerata, drought, Festuca arundinacea, demonstration, dryland pasture establishment

scholarly journals Effect of a molluscicide and an insecticide on the establishment of direct-drilled ryegrass, tall fescue and phalaris

1990 ◽  
pp. 237-240
Author(s):  
D.A. Mccallum ◽  
N.A. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Species Establishment ◽  
Direct Drilling

The effect of a molluscicide or an insecticide on the establishment, by direct drilling of 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 'Ellett' perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L), and 'Grasslands Maru' phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) was measured in spring and autumn establishment over 2 years. In autumn after a wet summer the application of a molluscicide significantly increased seedling numbers and establishment yield for ryegrass and tall fescue. A molluscicide applied in autumn after a dry summer or in spring had no effect . Application of insecticide significantly improved the establishment of ryegrass and tall fescue in only one of the two springs and had no effect in autumn. Phalaris was the least responsive of the pasture species to either an insecticide or molluscicide. These differences observed at establishment resulting from the applications of a pesticide were not apparent in an assessment made 1 year later. For tall fescue the results recorded on seedling numbers and yield of sown species at establishment and 1 year would suggest that for this species establishment by direct drilling is not recommended. Keywords pasture establishment, 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue, 'Ellett' ryegrass, 'Grasslands Maru' phalaris, direct drilling, molluscicide, insecticide

scholarly journals Establishing and managing recent cultivars in arable dryland pastures

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
D.E. Hume ◽  
T.J. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Summer Crop

Grass and legume species/cultivars available to farmers in the summer dry east coast of New Zealand, other than the traditionally used perennial ryegrasslwhite clover, fall into 3 categories: 1. drought tolerant species/cultivars which will maintain production later into summer and respond quickly after drought, e.g. cocksfoot, tall fescue, lucerne, prairie grass. 2 . species/cultivars which will maximise production in winter and spring, e.g. prairie grass, phalaris, subterranean clover. 3. species/cultivars compatible with summer crop programmes e.g. annual ryegrasses.

Efficacy of the Bioherbicide Thaxtomin A on Smooth Crabgrass and Annual Bluegrass and Safety in Cool-Season Turfgrasses

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph C. Wolfe ◽  
Joseph C. Neal ◽  
Christopher D. Harlow ◽  
Travis W. Gannon
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Thaxtomin A ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Industry Standard

Recent trends favoring organic and sustainable turfgrass management practices have led to an increased desire for biologically based alternatives to traditional synthetic herbicides. Thaxtomin A, produced by the bacteriumStreptomyces scabies, has been reported to have PRE efficacy on broadleaf weeds, but efficacy of thaxtomin A on annual grassy weeds and safety to newly seeded cool-season turfgrasses have not been reported. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate PRE efficacy of thaxtomin A on smooth crabgrass and annual bluegrass. Monthly applications of thaxtomin A from April to July controlled smooth crabgrass through July but did not provide season-long control equivalent to an industry standard PRE herbicide. An initial application of thaxtomin A at 380 g ai ha−1followed by two applications at 190 or 380 g ha−1at 4-wk intervals provided season-long annual bluegrass control similar to an industry standard PRE herbicide. At 380 g ha−1, thaxtomin A reduced tall fescue and perennial ryegrass cover when applied 1 wk before seeding, at seeding, or 1 wk after seeding but was safe at other application timings. Up to three applications of thaxtomin A at 380 g ha−1at 4-wk intervals did not reduce perennial ryegrass cover. Applications to creeping bentgrass resulted in unacceptable turfgrass injury. These results suggest that thaxtomin A can suppress annual grassy weeds in tall fescue or perennial ryegrass turf when applied at least 2 wk before or after seeding. Furthermore, repeated applications of thaxtomin A can provide effective PRE control of annual bluegrass during overseeded perennial ryegrass establishment.

scholarly journals Methods of establishing tall fescue and ryegrass in a dryland environment

1993 ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
D.E. Hume ◽  
T.B. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Cool Summer ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Summer Fallow

Optimal systems for establishing new pastures were considered at trial sites in southern Hawkes Bay and Manawatu. Systems of pasture establishment, before drilling new pasture in autumn, were: (a) spring sown barley, (b) summer fallow by cultivation, (c) summer fallow by glyphosate spraying, and (d) pasture during summer then a single glyphosate spray at drilling. Each establishment treatment was sown with white/sub clover, and either tall fescue (an example of a dryland grass species) or perennial ryegrass. Methods (a) and (b) used a roller drill to sow pastures into a cultivated seedbed, and methods (a), (c) and (d) used a direct drill. A very moist cool summer resulted in no advantage to the fallow treatments in terms of better soil moisture at sowing, but generally these treatments had the best establishment, possibly due to low weed contents and higher soil nitrogen levels. A single spray with glyphosate before direct drilling gave the poorest results for both grass species. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each treatment are discussed. Establishment and yields of tall fescue were lower than for ryegrass, although tall fescue had higher white/sub clover contents and less dead matter than ryegrass pastures. A low sowing rate and colder-than-average temperature at sowing may have depressed the establishment of tall fescue. Ryegrass quickly recovered from lower levels of establishment (within 3-6 months) but tall fescue took 9-12 months to show any improvement in contribution to pasture yields. Keywords: dryland, Festuca arundinacea, L.&urn perenne, pasture establishment

scholarly journals Establishment of 1600 hectares in dryland species around Oamaru/Timaru

1990 ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
Gavin Milne ◽  
Tom Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Control Soil ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
The North ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Technical Advice ◽  
Direct Drilling

The Drought Pasture Demonstration Programme invloves 81 farms in the North Otago and South Canterbury areas, with an average 19.7 ha per farm, and total area of 1595 ha. The purpose is to demonstrate, in a practical and effective way, the benefits and establishment methods of drought tolerant pasture species. Ten different species of forage grasses, legumes and herbs were used, comprising 19 different cultivars. Half the area was sown in February and March 1989 with the remaining areas sown in spring 1989 and autumn 1990. Sowing was done by either full cultivation, minimum tillage or direct drilling. A 97% success rate was achieved in establishing these pastures, despite a dry and mild autumn, demonstrating to farmers that with correct technical advice the risks of poor establishment are low. The aspects most important for pasture establishment were paddock preparation, moisture at sowing, timing, sowing depth, insect control, soil fertility, initial grazing, and patience. A survey of farmers has shown that a large number of farmers in the region have already viewed the demonstration pastures, and subsequently sown their own. Keywords dryland, pasture establishment, drought, technology transfer

scholarly journals On-farm establishment of drought-tolerant pastures on the east coast of the North Island

1993 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
D.R. Smith ◽  
M.W.A. Slay ◽  
M.H. Gray ◽  
G.D. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
The North ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Clover Content

Seedling and tiller core measurements on 60 paddocks sown in autumn 1991 on the East Coast of the North Island were made to monitor the success of new pastures based on drought-tolerant grasses. Pastures sown into cultivated seedbeds were generally more successful than direct-drilled pastures, having higher content of sown species and less competition from volunteer perennial grasses. In paddocks sown with mixtures of tall fescue and Grasslands Wana cocksfoot, cocksfoot was becoming the dominant,grass, except in areas of paddocks with poor drainage. Cocksfoot establishment in oversown pastures was good, but tall fescue in these paddocks declined to low levels 19 months after sowing. White clover was well established in all classes of pasture, despite relatively low initial seedling numbers in direct drilled and oversown paddocks. In contrast, red clover content declined, particularly in directdrilled and oversown paddocks. Keywords: Dactylis glomerata, direct drilling, Festuca arundinacea, pasture establishment, Phalaris aquatica, oversowing

Detection of RFLPs in Perennial Ryegrass, Using Heterologous Probes from Tall Fescue

Crop Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1366-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Xu ◽  
David A. Sleper ◽  
S. Chao
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue

Invasion Resistance of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) and Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde L. Elmore ◽  
Victor A. Gibeault ◽  
David W. Cudney
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Invasion Resistance ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Stolon Length

Overseeding established kikuyugrass swards with tall fescue or perennial ryegrass reduced kikuyugrass cover. Renovation prior to seeding did not aid in the establishment of these two species. Increasing the seeding rate from 79 to 157 kg/ha improved the establishment of perennial ryegrass but not tall fescue. When kikuyugrass plugs were introduced into established turf, tall fescue reduced the invasion of kikuyugrass stolons more than perennial ryegrass. Tall fescue reduced percent kikuyugrass cover, number and spread of stolons, and biomass (compared to perennial ryegrass). The newer turf-type tall fescue cultivars ‘Bonsai,’ ‘Falcon,’ and ‘Olympic’ were more effective than the older tall fescue cultivar ‘Fawn’ in reducing kikuyugrass invasion by reducing stolon number, stolon length, and biomass.

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