Perspectives in the Application of Immunocorrector – transfer factor ™ in Immunoprophylaxis Programmes and Immunorehabilitation

Background. Human health is largely determined by the body’s resistance to various damaging factors and, in particular, the functional state of its immune system. The use of unique, new generation immunomodulators in prevention of diseases is promising. Goal of the research was to defne the perspectives in the application of immunocorrector Transfer factorTM in immunoprophylaxis programmes and immunorehabilitation analysing and summarizing scientifc articles. Methods. Systemic literature overview was performed, including 77 scientifc articles and conference proceedings in English, published in the period from 1949 to 2016. The main inclusion criterion was clinical trial or literature review, analysing the effect of immunocorrector on human health in cases of different disorders. Results. Transfer factors are molecules that communicate antigenic immunological information intracellularly from a donor to a recipient. Mammalian Transfer factors, including those of humans are small molecules between 3,500 and 10,000 Daltons. Transfer factor’s functions of cell-mediated immunity and non-specifc immunological activity differ from the functions of antibodies. Transfer factors are divided into three fractions: the inductors that provide rapid immune response and general readiness of the immune system; suppressors, which regulate the intensity of the immune response, preventing allergic and autoimmune reactions; antigen specifc Transfer factors with a set of certain antigens, allowing quick adjusting of the immune system to recognize many bacterial and viruses. Conclusions. Transfer factors have no side effects and are considered as highly effective in treatment of infectious, parasitic, oncological, dermatological, venereal and somatic diseases, so are highly recommended for preventive purposes and decreasing of aging.]Keywords: transfer factor, immunoprophylaxis, immunorehabilitation.

Download Full-text

Scaling in the Immune System: PhD Thesis

10.31219/osf.io/b24kw ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

soumya banerjee

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Body Size ◽

Human Health ◽

Response Rates ◽

System Response ◽

Metabolic Rates ◽

Viral Dynamics ◽

Immune System Response ◽

Phd Thesis

How different is the immune system in a human from that of a mouse? Do pathogens replicate at the same rate in different species? Answers to these questions have impact on human health since multi-host pathogens that jump from animals to humans affect millions worldwide.It is not known how rates of immune response and viral dynamics vary from species to species and how they depend on species body size. Metabolic scalingtheory predicts that intracellular processes will be slower in larger animals since cellular metabolic rates are slower. We test how rates of pathogenesis and immune system response rates depend on species body size.

Download Full-text

Small molecules, big effects: microbial metabolites in intestinal immunity

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00263.2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 318 (5) ◽

pp. G907-G911

Author(s):

Lila G. Glotfelty ◽

Andrea C. Wong ◽

Maayan Levy

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Microbial Community ◽

Small Molecules ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Microbial Metabolites ◽

Intestinal Immunity ◽

Vast Number ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Mammalian Intestine

The mammalian intestine is host to a vast number of microbial organisms. The immune system must balance tolerance with innate and adaptive defense mechanisms to maintain homeostasis with the microbial community. Interestingly, microbial metabolites have been shown to play a role in shaping the host immune response, thus assisting with adaptations that have significant implications for human health and disease. New investigations have uncovered roles for metabolites in modulating almost every aspect of the immune system. In this minireview, we survey these recent findings, which taken together reveal nuanced interactions that we are just beginning to understand.

Download Full-text

COVID-19: Unmasking Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines and Therapeutic Strategies

10.20944/preprints202106.0060.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Renuka Raman ◽

Krishna J. Patel ◽

Kishu Ranjan

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Small Molecules ◽

Human Health ◽

Viral Vector ◽

Therapeutic Strategies ◽

Etiological Agent ◽

Plasma Therapy

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which has been a topic of major concern to global human health. The challenge to restrain the COVID-19 pandemic is further compounded by the emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants viz. B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P1 and, B.1.617., which show in-creased transmissibility and resistance towards vaccines and therapies. Importantly, the likelihood of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among individuals with dysregulated immune response or comorbidities needs greater attention. Herein, we provide a comprehensive perspective regarding ongoing vaccine (mRNA, protein-based, viral vector based etc.) and therapeutic (mono-clonal antibodies, small molecules, plasma therapy, etc.) modalities designed to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. We also discuss in detail the challenges posed by different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) identified across the globe and their effects on therapeutic and prophylactic interventions.

Download Full-text

Cellular side of acquired immunity (T cells)

10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0049 ◽

2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Assia Eljaafari ◽

Pierre Miossec

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Disease Process ◽

T Cell Response ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Immune Effector ◽

Effector Cells ◽

Th22 Cells

The adaptive T-cell response represents the most sophisticated component of the immune response. Foreign invaders are recognized first by cells of the innate immune system. This leads to a rapid and non-specific inflammatory response, followed by induction of the adaptive and specific immune response. Different adaptive responses can be promoted, depending on the predominant effector cells that are involved, which themselves depend on the microbial/antigen stimuli. As examples, Th1 cells contribute to cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens, Th2 cells protect against parasites, and Th17 cells act against extracellular bacteria and fungi that are not cleared by Th1 and Th2 cells. Among the new subsets, Th22 cells protect against disruption of epithelial layers secondary to invading pathogens. Finally these effector subsets are regulated by regulatory T cells. These T helper subsets counteract each other to maintain the homeostasis of the immune system, but this balance can be easily disrupted, leading to chronic inflammation or autoimmune diseases. The challenge is to detect early changes in this balance, prior to its clinical expression. New molecular tools such as microarrays could be used to determine the predominant profile of the immune effector cells involved in a disease process. Such understanding should provide better therapeutic tools to counteract deregulated effector cells.

Download Full-text

Immunity to bovine herpesvirus 1: II. Adaptive immunity and vaccinology

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s1466252313000054 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 103-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Randall L. Levings ◽

James A. Roth

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Human Herpesvirus ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus ◽

Genetically Engineered ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ◽

Herpesvirus 1

AbstractBovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection is widespread and causes a variety of diseases. Although similar in many respects to the human immune response to human herpesvirus 1, the differences in the bovine virus proteins, immune system components and strategies, physiology, and lifestyle mean the bovine immune response to BHV-1 is unique. The innate immune system initially responds to infection, and primes a balanced adaptive immune response. Cell-mediated immunity, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing of infected cells, is critical to recovery from infection. Humoral immunity, including neutralizing antibody and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is important to prevention or control of (re-)infection. BHV-1 immune evasion strategies include suppression of major histocompatibility complex presentation of viral antigen, helper T-cell killing, and latency. Immune suppression caused by the virus potentiates secondary infections and contributes to the costly bovine respiratory disease complex. Vaccination against BHV-1 is widely practiced. The many vaccines reported include replicating and non-replicating, conventional and genetically engineered, as well as marker and non-marker preparations. Current development focuses on delivery of major BHV-1 glycoproteins to elicit a balanced, protective immune response, while excluding serologic markers and virulence or other undesirable factors. In North America, vaccines are used to prevent or reduce clinical signs, whereas in some European Union countries marker vaccines have been employed in the eradication of BHV-1 disease.

Download Full-text

Cellular side of acquired immunity (T cells)

Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology ◽

10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0049_update_001 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 365-370

Author(s):

Assia Eljaafari ◽

Pierre Miossec

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

T Cell Response ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Effector Cells ◽

Therapeutic Tools ◽

Bacteria And Fungi ◽

Epithelial Layers

Download Full-text

Mucosal Immunity in COVID-19: A Neglected but Critical Aspect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2020.611337 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Michael W. Russell ◽

Zina Moldoveanu ◽

Pearay L. Ogra ◽

Jiri Mestecky

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Mucosal Immunity ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Critical Aspect ◽

Mucosal Surfaces ◽

Iga Antibodies ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Almost All

The mucosal immune system is the largest component of the entire immune system, having evolved to provide protection at the main sites of infectious threat: the mucosae. As SARS-CoV-2 initially infects the upper respiratory tract, its first interactions with the immune system must occur predominantly at the respiratory mucosal surfaces, during both inductive and effector phases of the response. However, almost all studies of the immune response in COVID-19 have focused exclusively on serum antibodies and systemic cell-mediated immunity including innate responses. This article proposes that there is a significant role for mucosal immunity and for secretory as well as circulating IgA antibodies in COVID-19, and that it is important to elucidate this in order to comprehend especially the asymptomatic and mild states of the infection, which appear to account for the majority of cases. Moreover, it is possible that mucosal immunity can be exploited for beneficial diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic purposes.

Download Full-text

Secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in COVID-19: correlation of the autopsy findings of bone marrow haemophagocytosis with HScore

Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1136/jclinpath-2020-207337 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. jclinpath-2020-207337

Author(s):

Claudia Núñez-Torrón ◽

Ana Ferrer-Gómez ◽

Esther Moreno Moreno ◽

Belen Pérez-Mies ◽

Jesús Villarrubia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Multiorgan Failure ◽

Histological Findings ◽

Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis ◽

Bone Marrow Tissue ◽

Autopsy Findings ◽

Specific Finding ◽

Clinical Records

BackgroundSecondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) is characterised by a hyper activation of immune system that leads to multiorgan failure. It is suggested that excessive immune response in patients with COVID-19 could mimic this syndrome. Some COVID-19 autopsy studies have revealed the presence of haemophagocytosis images in bone marrow, raising the possibility, along with HScore parameters, of sHLH.AimOur objective is to ascertain the existence of sHLH in some patients with severe COVID-19.MethodsWe report the autopsy histological findings of 16 patients with COVID-19, focusing on the presence of haemophagocytosis in bone marrow, obtained from rib squeeze and integrating these findings with HScore parameters. CD68 immunohistochemical stains were used to highlight histiocytes and haemophagocytic cells. Clinical evolution and laboratory parameters of patients were collected from electronic clinical records.ResultsEleven patients (68.7%) displayed moderate histiocytic hyperplasia with haemophagocytosis (HHH) in bone marrow, three patients (18.7%) displayed severe HHH and the remainder were mild. All HScore parameters were collected in 10 patients (62.5%). Among the patients in which all parameters were evaluable, eight patients (80%) had an HScore >169. sHLH was not clinically suspected in any case.ConclusionsOur results support the recommendation of some authors to use the HScore in patients with severe COVID-19 in order to identify those who could benefit from immunosuppressive therapies. The presence of haemophagocytosis in bone marrow tissue, despite not being a specific finding, has proved to be a very useful tool in our study to identify these patients.

Download Full-text

The immune response of T cells and therapeutic targets related to regulating the levels of T helper cells after ischaemic stroke

Journal of Neuroinflammation ◽

10.1186/s12974-020-02057-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tian-Yu Lei ◽

Ying-Ze Ye ◽

Xi-Qun Zhu ◽

Daniel Smerin ◽

Li-Juan Gu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Ischaemic Stroke ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Vital Functions ◽

Anti Inflammatory

AbstractThrough considerable effort in research and clinical studies, the immune system has been identified as a participant in the onset and progression of brain injury after ischaemic stroke. Due to the involvement of all types of immune cells, the roles of the immune system in stroke pathology and associated effects are complicated. Past research concentrated on the functions of monocytes and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke and tried to demonstrate the mechanisms of tissue injury and protection involving these immune cells. Within the past several years, an increasing number of studies have elucidated the vital functions of T cells in the innate and adaptive immune responses in both the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. Recently, the phenotypes of T cells with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory function have been demonstrated in detail. T cells with distinctive phenotypes can also influence cerebral inflammation through various pathways, such as regulating the immune response, interacting with brain-resident immune cells and modulating neurogenesis and angiogenesis during different phases following stroke. In view of the limited treatment options available following stroke other than tissue plasminogen activator therapy, understanding the function of immune responses, especially T cell responses, in the post-stroke recovery period can provide a new therapeutic direction. Here, we discuss the different functions and temporal evolution of T cells with different phenotypes during the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. We suggest that modulating the balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of T cells with distinct phenotypes may become a potential therapeutic approach that reduces the mortality and improves the functional outcomes and prognosis of patients suffering from ischaemic stroke.

Download Full-text

Why Does SARS-CoV-2 Infection Induce Autoantibody Production?

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10030380 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 380

Author(s):

Ales Macela ◽

Klara Kubelkova

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Host Cell ◽

Critical Role ◽

Cell Interaction ◽

Immune Recognition ◽

Autoantibody Production ◽

Host Cell Interaction ◽

Primary Virus

SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the production of autoantibodies, which is significantly associated with complications during hospitalization and a more severe prognosis in COVID-19 patients. Such a response of the patient’s immune system may reflect (1) the dysregulation of the immune response or (2) it may be an attempt to regulate itself in situations where the non-infectious self poses a greater threat than the infectious non-self. Of significance may be the primary virus-host cell interaction where the surface-bound ACE2 ectoenzyme plays a critical role. Here, we present a brief analysis of recent findings concerning the immune recognition of SARS-CoV-2, which, we believe, favors the second possibility as the underlying reason for the production of autoantibodies during COVID-19.

Download Full-text