Determination and enthusiasm: Richard Norris Wolfenden (1854–1926), his Plankton studies and other things oceanographical

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID M. DAMKAER
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Biological Association ◽  
Marine Biological ◽  
The North ◽  
Marine Biological Association ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Pelagic Copepods

Richard Norris Wolfenden was a significant independent force in post-Challenger British oceanography. After a career in medicine, Wolfenden devoted himself to an intense decade of exploration in the North Atlantic on his yachts the Walwin and the Silver Belle, in cooperation with expanding international studies. He was among the first to advocate relatively small-scale but periodic investigations of fixed sites. Wolfenden was a founder of the Challenger Society (1903) and a member of the council of the Marine Biological Association. Pelagic copepods became Wolfenden's particular interest. Among his 12 papers and monographs were the two parts of the Plankton studies (1905–1906), the rarest modern copepodological publications. Taxonomic problems caused by a revision of the first part are discussed, and an attempt was made to locate the “half dozen” original sets of the Plankton studies. Wolfenden left England in 1910 and spent his last years in Ontario.

scholarly journals Larval and Post-larval Lima from Plymouth

1937 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 705-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie V. Lebour
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Biological Association ◽  
Marine Biological ◽  
The North ◽  
Marine Biological Association ◽  
North Side

Two species of Lima are known from Plymouth: Lima hians (Gmelin), the commonest species, inhabiting small patches of stones with muddy gravel at extreme low-tide mark on the north side of the Breakwater, where many individuals may be found together, and Lima loscombi Sowerby, found on the coarse grounds west of the Eddystone, Rame-Eddystone Grounds, Mewstone Grounds, Stoke Point Grounds and southwest of the Eddystone (see Marine Biological Association, Plymouth Marine Fauna, 1931). The latter is a much smaller species than the former, not so highly coloured, and much rarer. Although it is often difficult to obtain Lima hians, as it is only accessible at very low tides, it occurs in numbers in the locality cited.

scholarly journals On the Manufacture of Drift Bottles

1922 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Biological Association ◽  
Marine Biological ◽  
The North ◽  
Marine Biological Association ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The North Sea

In the spring of 1920 the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries approached the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom with a view to the Association undertaking the manufacture of a large number of “Drift Bottles,” to be used in an extensive research into the resultant movements of the waters of the North Sea.

scholarly journals Two deep-mantle sources for Paleocene doming and volcanism in the North Atlantic

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (27) ◽  
pp. 13227-13232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar Glišović ◽  
Alessandro M. Forte
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Lower Mantle ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The North ◽  
Rifted Margins ◽  
Mantle Sources ◽  
Cenozoic Era ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Igneous Province

The North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) erupted in two major pulses that coincide with the continental breakup and the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean over a period from 62 to 54 Ma. The unknown mantle structure under the North Atlantic during the Paleocene represents a major missing link in deciphering the geodynamic causes of this event. To address this outstanding challenge, we use a back-and-forth iterative method for time-reversed global convection modeling over the Cenozoic Era which incorporates models of present-day tomography-based mantle heterogeneity. We find that the Paleocene mantle under the North Atlantic is characterized by two major low-density plumes in the lower mantle: one beneath Greenland and another beneath the Azores. These strong lower-mantle upwellings generate small-scale hot upwellings and cold downwellings in the upper mantle. The upwellings are dispersed sources of magmatism and topographic uplift that were active on the rifted margins of the North Atlantic during the formation of the NAIP. While most studies of the Paleocene evolution of the North Atlantic have focused on the proto-Icelandic plume, our Cenozoic reconstructions reveal the equally important dynamics of a hot, buoyant, mantle-wide upwelling below the Azores.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of winter North Atlantic-European climate to resolved atmosphere and ocean dynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reindert J. Haarsma ◽  
Javier García-Serrano ◽  
Chloé Prodhomme ◽  
Omar Bellprat ◽  
Paolo Davini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Gulf Stream ◽  
Ocean Dynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Mean Climate ◽  
Meso Scale

Abstract Northern Hemisphere western boundary currents, like the Gulf Stream, are key regions for cyclogenesis affecting large-scale atmospheric circulation. Recent observations and model simulations with high-temporal and -spatial resolution have provided evidence that the associated ocean fronts locally affect troposphere dynamics. A coherent view of how this affects the mean climate and its variability is, however, lacking. In particular the separate role of resolved ocean and atmosphere dynamics in shaping the atmospheric circulation is still largely unknown. Here we demonstrate for the first time, by using coupled seasonal forecast experiments at different resolutions, that resolving meso-scale oceanic variability in the Gulf Stream region strongly affects mid-latitude interannual atmospheric variability, including the North Atlantic Oscillation. Its impact on climatology, however, is minor. Increasing atmosphere resolution to meso-scale, on the other hand, strongly affects mean climate but moderately its variability. We also find that regional predictability relies on adequately resolving small-scale atmospheric processes, while resolving small-scale oceanic processes acts as an unpredictable source of noise, except for the North Atlantic storm-track where the forcing of the atmosphere translates into skillful predictions.

Seismic mapping of on-shore sediments at Andøya, Norway, deposited prior to the North Atlantic rifting

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. SQ105-SQ114
Author(s):  
Tor Arne Johansen ◽  
Bent Ole Ruud ◽  
Tormod Henningsen ◽  
Marco Brönner
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Seismic Exploration ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
The North ◽  
Seismic Surveying ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Seismic Velocity Contrasts

Andøya is an island in the north of Norway. On its eastern side, it contains a local downfaulted basin of Mesozoic sediments sheltered from erosion during subsequent periods of Pleistocene glaciation. The sediments were deposited before the North Atlantic rifting and partly overlie weathered basement. We have recently carried out seismic surveying to better understand the geometry and seismic responses of the basin system. Extensive civil infrastructure and wet mire made the study area challenging for seismic exploration. We shot the survey lines at wet mire with detonating cord during winter when the mire was frozen. In the summer, we conducted seismic surveying along road shoulders with a small-scale vibrator. The seismic processing was particularly challenging due to the influence of traffic noise, heterogeneous near-surface conditions, and large seismic velocity contrasts. We interpreted the seismic lines in integration with other geophysical data and well logs to obtain a consistent and best possible seismic model of the basin. Our interpretation indicates a reorganization of the regional paleostress regime that took place during the continental breakup in the Eocene. In spite of severe obstacles for seismic surveying of the area, our results honor the robustness of the seismic method for subsurface imaging.

scholarly journals Isohaline Salinity Budget of the North Atlantic Salinity Maximum

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 724-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Bryan ◽  
Scott Bachman
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Mesoscale Eddies ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Averaged Model

AbstractIn this study, the salinity budget of the North Atlantic subtropical salinity maximum region for control volumes bounded by isohaline surfaces is analyzed. The authors provide closed budgets based on output from a high-resolution numerical simulation and partial budgets based on analyses of observational climatologies of hydrography and surface fluxes. With this choice of control volume, advection is eliminated from the instantaneous volume-integrated salt budget, and time-mean advection is eliminated from the budget evaluated from time-averaged data. In this way, the role of irreversible mixing processes in the maintenance and variability of the salinity maximum are more readily revealed. By carrying out the analysis with both near-instantaneous and time-averaged model output, the role of mesoscale eddies in stirring and mixing for this water mass is determined. This study finds that the small-scale mixing acting on enhanced gradients generated by the mesoscale eddies is approximately equal to that acting on the large-scale gradients estimated from climatological-mean conditions. The isohaline salinity budget can be related to water mass transformation rates associated with surface forcing and mixing processes in a straightforward manner. The authors find that the surface net evaporation in the North Atlantic salinity maximum region accounts for a transformation of 7 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) of water across the 37-psu isohaline outcrop into the salinity maximum in the simulation, whereas the estimate based on climatological observations is 9 to 10 Sv.

Life-history and culture of Gracilaria foliifera (Rhodophyta) from South Devon

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McLachlan ◽  
T. Edelstein
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Original Material ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The North Atlantic

Three species of Gracilaria, G. foliifera (Forsk.) Børg., G. verrucosa (Huds.) Papenf., and G. bursa-pastoris (S. M. Gmel.) Silva are recognized from the British flora (Parke & Dixon, 1976). In Britain G. verrucosa is widely distributed, although not common, whereas the other two species are rare and their distribution restricted (Newton, 1931). G. foliifera was described from the Red Sea as Fucus foliifer Forsk. (Børgesen, 1932). Plants referable to this species are now reported from various parts of the world, including both the eastern and western coasts of the north Atlantic (South & Cardinal, 1970; Taylor, 1957, 1960). However, considerable variation exists within species of Gracilaria (e.g. May, 1948), thus delimitation of species is often extremely difficult. Gracilaria foliifera from Britain (Fig. 1 A) is similar morphologically to the original material of Fucus foliifer as illustrated by Børgesen (1932, fig. 1), and therefore, we have limited our consideration to G. foliifera as it occurs in Britain (also see Harvey, 1846, pl. 15). However, little information is available on G. foliifera from the British Isles, and in the present instance we have investigated the life history of this alga in culture together with preliminary results on growth in small-scale tanks with running sea water.

Transition to Widowhood Among Older Adults in Rural Areas: A Study From the Faroe Islands

2021 ◽  
pp. 003022282110241
Author(s):  
Elsa J. D. Johannesen ◽  
Ása Róin
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Analytic Method ◽  
Faroe Islands ◽  
The North ◽  
Individual Support ◽  
The North Atlantic

Studies have shown that losing a spouse can cause both physical and mental suffering for the bereaved. This qualitative study aimed to gather knowledge about how men and women in the Faroe Islands, a small-scale society in the North Atlantic Ocean, managed the transition to widowhood. Five women and three men were interviewed, their age varying from 67 to 74 years. A hermeneutic analytic method was applied. Our findings showed that managing the transition to widowhood followed two tracks, namely the process of loss and the process of restoration. For participants locked in either process, the transition caused severe disruption in daily living, while participants who managed to oscillate between the two processes appeared to manage the transition to widowhood and get on with their lives. Our findings, and those from other studies, point to the need to offer structured individual support for people who have lost their life partner.

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